Publication Cover
Chronobiology International
The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research
Volume 16, 1999 - Issue 1
65
Views
70
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

From a Static to a Dynamic Concept of Risk: the Orcadian Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Events

, &
Pages 33-49 | Received 17 Jul 1998, Accepted 15 Aug 1998, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

References

  • Alboni P, degli Uberti E, Codeca L, et al. Circadian variations of sinus rate in subjects with sinus node dysfunction. Chronobiologia 1982; 9: 173–183
  • Ameriso S F, Mohler J G, Suarez M, et al. Morning reduction of cerebral vasomotor reactivity. Neurology 1994; 44: 1907–1909
  • Andreotti F, Davies G J, Hackett D R, et al. Major circadian fluctuations in fibrinolytic factors and possible relevance to time of onset of myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death and stroke. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 635–637
  • Andreotti F, Kluft C. Circadian variation of fibrinolytic activity in blood. Chrono-biol Int 1991; 8: 336–351
  • Andrews T C, Fenton T, Toyosaki N, et al. Subsets of ambulatory myocardial ischemia based on heart rate activity. Circadian distribution and response to anti-ische-mic medication. The Angina and Silent Ischemia Study Group (ASIS). Circulation 1993; 88: 92–100
  • Angleton P, Chandler W L, Schmer G. Diurnal variation of tissue-type plasminogen activator and its rapid inhibitor (PAI-1). Circulation 1989; 79: 101–106
  • Araki H, Koiwaya Y, Nakagaki O, et al. Diurnal distribution of ST-segment elevation and related arrhythmias in patients with variant angina: a study by ambulatory ECG monitoring. Circulation 1983; 67: 995–1000
  • Arboix A, Marti-Vilalta J L. Acute stroke and circadian rhythm [letter]. Stroke 1990; 21: 826
  • Argentino C, Toni D, Rasura M, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of ischemic stroke. Stroke 1990; 21: 387–389
  • Arntz H R, Willich S N, Oeff M, et al. Circadian variation of sudden cardiac death reflects age-related variability in ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 1993; 88: 2284–2289
  • Aronow W S, Ahn C. Circadian variation of primary cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death in patients aged 62 to 100 years (mean 82). Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 1455–1456
  • Aschoff J, Wever R. Human circadian rhythms: a multioscillatory system. Fed Proc 1976; 35: 2326–2332
  • Ashkar E. Twenty-four-hour pattern of circulation by radiotelemetry in the unrestrained dog. Am J Physiol 1979; 236: R231–R236
  • Aslanian N L. Chronobiological aspects of ischemic heart disease. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990; 341B: 583–592
  • Athanassiadis D, Draper G J, Honour A J, et al. Variability of automatic blood pressure measurements over 24 hour periods. Clin Sci 1969; 36: 147–156
  • Barash D, Silverman R A, Gennis P, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of myocardial infarction and death associated with acute pulmonary edema. J Emerg Med 1989; 7: 119–121
  • Behar S, Halabi M, Reicher-Reiss H, et al. Circadian variation and possible external triggers of onset of myocardial infarction. SPRINT Study Group. Am J Med 1993; 94: 395–400
  • Behar S, Reicher-Reiss H, Goldbourt U, et al. Circadian variation in pain onset in unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 91–93
  • Benhorin J, Banai S, Moriel M, et al. Circadian variations in ischemic threshold and their relation to the occurrence of ischemic episodes. Circulation 1993; 87: 808–814
  • Brezinski D A, Tofler G H, Muller J E, et al. Morning increase in platelet aggregabil-ity. Association with assumption of the upright posture. Circulation 1988; 78: 35–40
  • Bridges A B, McLaren M, Scott N A, et al. Circadian variation of tissue plasminogen activator and its inhibitor, von Willebrand factor antigen, and prostacyclin stimulating factor in men with ischaemic heart disease. Br Heart J 1993; 69: 121–124
  • Bridges A B, Scott N A, McNeill G P, et al. Circadian variation of white blood cell aggregation and free radical indices in men with ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J 1992; 13: 1632–1636
  • Broadhurst P, Brigden G, Dasgupta P, et al. Ambulatory intra-arterial blood pressure in normal subjects. Am Heart J 1990; 120: 160–166
  • Christ J E, Hoff H E. An analysis of the circadian rhythmicity of atrial and ventricular rates in complete heart block. J Electrocardiol 1975; 8: 69–72
  • Clair W K, Wilkinson W E, McCarthy E A, et al. Spontaneous occurrence of symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in untreated patients. Circulation 1993; 87: 1114–1122
  • Coccagna G, Mantovani M, Brignani F, et al. Laboratory note. Arterial pressure changes during spontaneous sleep in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1971; 31: 277–281
  • Cohen M C, Rohtla K M, Lavery C E, et al. Meta-analysis of the morning excess of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1512–1516
  • Conchonnet P, Decousus H, Perpoint B. Morning hypercoagulability in man. Annu Rev Chronopharmacol 1990; 7: 165–168
  • Cugini P, Di Palma L, Battisti P, et al. Ultradian, circadian and infradian periodicity of some cardiovascular emergencies. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 240–243
  • Czeisler C A, Weitzman E D, Moore-Ede M C, et al. Human sleep: its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase. Science 1980; 210: 1264–1267
  • Czeisler C A, Zimmerman J C, Ronda J M, et al. Timing of REM sleep is coupled to the circadian rhythm of body temperature in man. Sleep 1980; 2: 329–346
  • Dabrowska B, Feltynowski T, Wocial B, et al. Effect of removal of phaeochromo-cytoma on diurnal variability of blood pressure, heart rhythm and excretion of catecholamines. J Hum Hypertens 1990; 4: 397–399
  • Deedwania P C. Hemodynamic changes as triggers of cardiovascular events. Cardiol Clin 1996; 14: 229–238
  • Degaute J P, Van Cauter E, van de Borne P, et al. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure and heart rate profiles in humans. A twin study. Hypertension 1994; 23: 244–253
  • Degaute J P, van de Borne P, Linkowski P, et al. Quantitative analysis of the 24-hour blood pressure and heart rate patterns in young men. Hypertension 1991; 18: 199–210
  • de Leonardis V, De Scalzi M, Vergassola R, et al. Circadian variations of heart rate and premature beats in healthy subjects and in patients with previous myocardial infarction. Chronobiol Int 1987; 4: 283–289
  • Ehrly A M, Jung G. Circadian rhythm of human blood viscosity. Biorheology 1973; 10: 577–583
  • Elliott W J. Circadian variation in the timing of stroke onset: a meta-analysis. Stroke 1998; 29: 992–996
  • Fahn S. Fluctuations of disability in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiological aspects. Movement disorders, C D Marsden, S Fahn. Buttersworth Scientific, London 1981; 123–145
  • Fallo F, Fanelli G, Cipolla A, et al. 24-Hour blood pressure profile in Addison's disease. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 1105–1109
  • Fearnley G R, Balmforth G, Fearnley E. Evidence of a diurnal fibrinolytic rhythm with a simple method of measuring natural fibrinolysis. Clin Sci 1957; 16: 645–650
  • Fersini C, Manfredini R, Manfredini F, et al. Chronobiologic aspects of recurrent transient ischemic attack. Prog Clin Biol Res 1987; 227B: 167–171
  • Floras J S, Jones J V, Johnston J A, et al. Arousal and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure. Clin Sci Mol Med 1978; 4(suppl 1)S395–S397
  • Fox K, Mulcahy D, Keegan J, et al. Circadian patterns of myocardial ischemia. Am Heart J 1989; 118: 1084–1087
  • Fujita M, Araie E, Yamanishi K, et al. Circadian variation in the success rate of intracoronary thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 1369–1371
  • Fujita M, Franklin D. Diurnal changes in coronary blood flow in conscious dogs. Circulation 1987; 76: 488–491
  • Gallerani M, Manfredini R, Graziani R, et al. Sudden death in diabetic subjects: evidence for a peculiar circadian variation in occurrence. Panminerva Med 1994; 36: 134–137
  • Gallerani M, Manfredini R, Ricci L, et al. Chronobiological aspects of acute cerebrovascular diseases. Acta Neurol Scand 1993a; 87: 482–487
  • Gallerani M, Manfredini R, Ricci L, et al. Circadian variation in the onset of acute myocardial infarction: lack of an effect due to age and sex. J Int Med Res 1993b; 21: 158–160
  • Gallerani M, Manfredini R, Ricci L, et al. Sudden death may show a circadian time of risk depending on its anatomo-clinical causes and age. Jpn Heart J 1993c; 34: 729–739
  • Gallerani M, Trappella G, Manfredini R, et al. Acute intracerebral haemorrhage: circadian and circannual patterns of onset. Acta Neurol Scand 1994; 89: 280–286
  • Gillis A M, Peters R W, Mitchell L B, et al. Effects of left ventricular dysfunction on the circadian variation of ventricular premature complexes in healed myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 1009–1014
  • Gilpin E A, Hjalmarson A, Ross J. Subgroups of patients with atypical circadian patterns of symptom onset in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 7G–11G
  • Globus M Y, Ginsberg M D, Harik S I, et al. Role of dopamine in ischemic striatal injury: metabolic evidence. Neurology 1987; 37: 1712–1719
  • Goldberg R J, Brady P, Muller J E, et al. Time of onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 140–144
  • Gordon R D, Wolfe L K, Island D P, et al. A diurnal rhythm in plasma renin activity in man. J Clin Invest 1966; 45: 1587–1592
  • Gould B A, Raftery E B. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure control: an intraarterial review. Chronobiol Int 1991; 8: 495–505
  • Grimaudo V, Hauert J, Bachmann F, et al. Diumal variation of the fibrinolytic system. Thromb Haemost 1988; 59: 495–499
  • Hansen O, Johansson B W, Gullberg B. Circadian distribution of onset of acute myocardial infarction in subgroups from analysis of 10,791 patients treated in a single center. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 1003–1008
  • Hansen O, Johansson B W, Gullberg B. The clinical outcome of acute myocardial infarction is related to the circadian rhythm of myocardial infarction onset. Angiology 1993; 44: 509–516
  • Haus E, Cusulos M, Sackett-Lundeen L, et al. Circadian variations in blood coagulation parameters, alpha-antitrypsin antigen and platelet aggregation and retention in clinically healthy subjects. Chronobiol Int 1990; 7: 203–216
  • Hausmann D, Lichtlen P R, Nikutta P, et al. Circadian variation of myocardial ischemia in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Chronobiol Int 1991; 8: 385–398
  • Hjalmarson A, Gilpin E A, Nicod P, et al. Differing circadian patterns of symptom onset in subgroups of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1989; 80: 267–275
  • Hossmann V. Circadian changes of blood pressure and stroke. Cerebral circulation and stroke, K J Zulch. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1971; 203–208
  • Huber K, Rose D, Resch I, et al. Circadian fluctuations of plasma levels of tissue plasminogen activator antigen and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity. Fibrinolysis 1989; 3: 41–43
  • Imai Y, Abe K, Miura Y, et al. Hypertensive episodes and circadian fluctuations of blood pressure in patients with phaeochromocytoma: studies by long-term blood pressure monitoring based on a volume-oscillometric method. J Hypertens 1988; 6: 9–15
  • Imai Y, Abe K, Sasaki S, et al. Exogenous glucocorticoid eliminates or reverses circadian blood pressure variations. J Hypertens 1989; 7: 113–120
  • Imai Y, Abe K, Sasaki S, et al. Altered circadian blood pressure rhythm in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Hypertension 1988; 12: 11–19
  • Imai Y, Abe K, Sasaki S, et al. Circadian blood pressure variation in patients with renovascular hypertension or primary aldosteronism. Clin Exp Hypertens [A] 1992; 14: 1141–1167
  • Irwin J M, McCarthy E A, Wilkinson W E, et al. Circadian occurrence of symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in untreated patients. Circulation 1988; 77: 298–300
  • Isshiki T, Akatsuka N, Tsuneyoshi H, et al. Periodic fluctuation of blood pressure in a case of norepinephrine secreting extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. Jpn Heart J 1986; 27: 437–442
  • Jafri S M, Van Rollins M, Ozawa T, et al. Circadian variation in platelet function in healthy volunteers. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 951–954
  • Johansson B B, Norrving B, Widner H, et al. Stroke incidence: circadian and circaseptan (about weekly) variations in onset. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990; 341A: 427–436
  • Jovicic A, Mandic S. Circadian variations of platelet aggregability and fibrinolytic activity in healthy subjects. Thromb Res 1991; 62: 65–74
  • King M J, Zir L M, Kaltman A J, et al. Variant angina associated with angiographically demonstrated coronary artery spasm and REM sleep. Am J Med Sci 1973; 265: 419–422
  • Kirby D A, Verrier R L. Differential effects of sleep stage on coronary hemodynamic function during stenosis. Physiol Behav 1989; 45: 1017–1020
  • Kleiman N S, Schechtman K B, Young P M, et al. Lack of diurnal variation in the onset of non-Q wave infarction. Circulation 1990; 81: 548–555
  • Kluft C, Jie A F, Rijken D C, et al. Daytime fluctuations in blood of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and its fast-acting inhibitor (PAI-1). Thromb Haemost 1988; 59: 329–332
  • Knutsson A. Shift work and coronary heart disease. Scand J Soc Med Suppl 1989; 44: 1–36
  • Kobrin I, Oigman W, Kumar A, et al. Diurnal variation of blood pressure in elderly patients with essential hypertension. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984; 32: 896–899
  • Kohara K, Nishida W, Maguchi M, et al. Autonomic nervous function in non-dipper essential hypertensive subjects. Evaluation by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Hypertension 1995; 26: 808–814
  • Kubota K, Sakurai T, Tamura J, et al. Is the circadian change in hematocrit and blood viscosity a factor triggering cerebral and myocardial infarction? [letter]. Stroke 1987; 18: 812–813
  • Kupari M, Koskinen P, Leinonen H. Double-peaking circadian variation in the occurrence of sustained supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Am Heart J 1990; 120: 1364–1369
  • Kuwajima I, Mitani K, Miyao M, et al. Cardiac implications of the morning surge in blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients: relation to arising time. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 29–33
  • Kuwajima I, Suzuki Y, Shimosawa T, et al. Diminished nocturnal decline in blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 1992; 123: 1307–1311
  • Labrecque G, Soulban G. Biological rhythms in the physiology and pharmacology of blood coagulation. Chronobiol Int 1991; 8: 361–372
  • Lampert R, Rosenfeld L, Batsford W, et al. Circadian variation of sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Circulation 1994; 90: 241–247
  • Lanza G A, Cortellessa M C, Rebuzzi A G, et al. Reproducibility in circadian rhythm of ventricular premature complexes. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 1099–1106
  • Lemmer B, Portaluppi F. Chronopharmacology of cardiovascular diseases. Physiology and pharmacology of biological rhythms. Vol. 125, P H Red-Fern, B Lemmer. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 1997; 251–297
  • Levine R L, Pepe P E, Fromm R E, et al. Prospective evidence of a circadian rhythm for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. JAMA 1992; 267: 2935–2937
  • Littler W A. Sleep and blood pressure: further observations. Am Heart J 1979; 97: 35–37
  • Lucente M, Rebuzzi A G, Lanza G A, et al. Circadian variation of ventricular tachycardia in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 670–674
  • Lugaresi E, Coccagna G, Mantovani M, et al. Some periodic phenomena arising during drowsiness and sleep in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1972; 32: 701–705
  • Mancia G, Ferrari A, Gregorini L, et al. Blood pressure and heart rate variabilities in normotensive and hypertensive human beings. Circ Res 1983; 53: 96–104
  • Manfredini R, Gallerani M, Portaluppi F, et al. Circadian variation in the occurrence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in clinically healthy subjects. Chronobiol Int 1995; 12: 55–61
  • Marler J R, Price T R, Clark G L, et al. Morning increase in onset of ischemic stroke. Stroke 1989; 20: 473–476
  • Marsh E E, Biller J, Adams H P, et al. Circadian variation in onset of acute ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 1178–1180
  • Marshall J. Diurnal variation in occurrence of strokes. Stroke 1977; 8: 230–231
  • Masuda T, Ogawa H, Miyao Y, et al. Circadian variation in fibrinolytic activity in patients with variant angina. Br Heart J 1994; 71: 156–161
  • Millar-Craig M W, Bishop C N, Raftery E B. Circadian variation of blood-pressure. Lancet 1978; 1: 795–797
  • Mulcahy D, Keegan J, Cunningham D, et al. Circadian variation of total ischaemic burden and its alteration with anti-anginal agents. Lancet 1988; 2: 755–759
  • Muller J E, Ludmer P L, Willich S N, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of sudden cardiac death. Circulation 1987; 75: 131–138
  • Muller J E, Stone P H, Turi Z G, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1315–1322
  • Musumeci V, Rosa S, Caruso A, et al. Abnormal diurnal changes in in-vivo platelet activation in patients with atherosclerotic diseases. Atherosclerosis 1986; 60: 231–236
  • Nademanee K, Intarachot V, Josephson M A, et al. Circadian variation in occurrence of transient overt and silent myocardial ischemia in chronic stable angina and comparison with Prinzmetal angina in men. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 494–498
  • Nowlin J B, Troyer W G, Collins W S. The association of nocturnal angina pectoris with dreaming. Ann Intern Med 1965; 63: 1040–1046
  • O'Brien E, Sheridan J, O'Malley K. Dippers and nondippers. Lancet 1998; 2: 397
  • Ogawa H, Yasue H, Oshima S, et al. Circadian variation of plasma fibrinopeptide A level in patients with variant angina. Circulation 1989; 80: 1617–1626
  • Oishi S, Sasaki M, Ohno M, et al. Periodic fluctuation of blood pressure and its management in a patient with pheochromocytoma. Case report and review of the literature. Jpn Heart J 1988; 29: 389–399
  • Palatini P, Penzo M, Racioppa A, et al. Clinical relevance of nighttime blood pressure and of daytime blood pressure variability. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1855–1860
  • Panza J A, Epstein S E, Quyyumi A A. Circadian variation in vascular tone and its relation to alpha-sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 986–990
  • Pasqualetti P, Natali G, Casale R, et al. Epidemiological chronorisk of stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 1990; 81: 71–74
  • Pell S, ĎAlonzo C A. Acute myocardial infarction in a large industrial population: report of a 6-year study of 1,356 cases. JAMA 1963; 185: 831–838
  • Peters R W, Muller J E, Goldstein S, et al. Propranolol and the morning increase in the frequency of sudden cardiac death (BHAT Study). Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 1518–1520
  • Petralito A, Mangiafico R A, Gibiino S, et al. Daily modifications of plasma fibrinogen, platelets aggregation, Howell's time, PTT, TT, and antithrombin II in normal subjects and in patients with vascular disease. Chronobiologia 1982; 9: 195–201
  • Portaluppi F, Cortelli P, Avoni P, et al. Diurnal blood pressure variation and hormonal correlates in fatal familial insomnia. Hypertension 1994; 23: 569–576
  • Quyyumi A A, Mockus L, Wright C, et al. Morphology of ambulatory ST segment changes in patients with varying severity of coronary artery disease. Investigation of the frequency of nocturnal ischaemia and coronary spasm. Br Heart J 1985; 53: 186–193
  • Quyyumi A A, Panza J A, Diodati J G, et al. Circadian variation in ischemic threshold. A mechanism underlying the circadian variation in ischemic events. Circulation 1992; 86: 22–28
  • Raeder E A. Circadian fluctuations in ventricular response to atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 1013–1016
  • Raeder E A, Hohnloser S H, Graboys T B, et al. Spontaneous variability and circadian distribution of ectopic activity in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12: 656–661
  • Rebuzzi A G, Lanza G A, Lucente M, et al. Circadian rhythm of ischemic episodes in patients with and without previous myocardial infarction. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990; 341A: 419–422
  • Refinetti R, Menaker M. The circadian rhythm of body temperature. Physiol Be-hav 1992; 51: 613–637
  • Ricci S, Celani M G, Vitali R, et al. Diurnal and seasonal variations in the occurrence of stroke: a community-based study. Neuroepidemiology 1992; 11: 59–64
  • Rizzoni D, Muiesan M L, Montani G, et al. Relationship between initial cardiovascular structural changes and daytime and nighttime blood pressure monitoring. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5: 180–186
  • Rocco M B. Timing and triggers of transient myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 18G–21G
  • Rocco M B, Barry J, Campbell S, et al. Circadian variation of transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1987; 75: 395–400
  • Rocco M B, Nabel E G, Selwyn A P. Circadian rhythms and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 13C–17C
  • Rostagno C, Taddei T, Paladini B, et al. The onset of symptomatic atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is characterized by different circadian rhythms. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 453–455
  • Sakata K, Hoshino T, Yoshida H, et al. Circadian fluctuations of tissue plasminogen activator antigen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigens in vasospastic angina. Am Heart J 1992; 124: 854–860
  • Shimada K, Kawamoto A, Matsubayashi K, et al. Silent cerebrovascular disease in the elderly. Correlation with ambulatory pressure. Hypertension 1990; 16: 692–699
  • Shimada K, Kawamoto A, Matsubayashi K, et al. Diurnal blood pressure variations and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly patients with hypertension. J Hypertens 1992; 10: 875–878
  • Siegel D, Black D M, Seeley D G, et al. Circadian variation in ventricular arrhythmias in hypertensive men. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 344–347
  • Sloan M A, Price T R, Foulkes M A, et al. Circadian rhythmicity of stroke onset Intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1992; 23: 1420–1426
  • Somers V K, Dyken M E, Mark A L, et al. Sympathetic-nerve activity during sleep in normal subjects. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 303–307
  • Statius van Eps R G, van den Meiracker A H, Boomsma F, et al. Diurnal variation of blood pressure in patients with catecholamine-producing tumors. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 492–497
  • Struck L K, Rodnitzky R L. Periodicity of ischemic stroke. Stroke 1989; 20: 1590
  • Suzuki Y, Kuwajima I, Mitani K, et al. The relation of morning rise in blood pressure to pressure response to exercise and mental stress. Jpn J Geriatr 1993; 30: 841–848
  • Thompson D R, Blandford R L, Sutton T W, et al. Time of onset of chest pain in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 1985; 7: 139–148
  • Tofler G H, Brezinski D, Schafer A I, et al. Concurrent morning increase in platelet aggregability and the risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1514–1518
  • Toni D, Argentino C, Gentile M, et al. Orcadian variation in the onset of acute cerebral ischemia: ethiopathogenetic correlates in 80 patients given angiography. Chronobiol Int 1991; 8: 321–326
  • Touitou Y, Touitou C, Bogdan A, et al. Differences between young and elderly subjects in seasonal and circadian variations of total plasma proteins and blood volume as reflected by hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte counts. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 801–804
  • Tsementzis S A, Gill J S, Hitchcock E R, et al. Diurnal variation of and activity during the onset of stroke. Neurosurgery 1985; 17: 901–904
  • Turton M B, Deegan T. Circadian variations of plasma catecholamine, Cortisol and immunoreactive insulin concentrations in supine subjects. Clin Chim Acta 1974; 55: 389–397
  • Twidale N, Taylor S, Heddle W F, et al. Morning increase in the time of onset of sustained ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64: 1204–1206
  • Valkama J O, Huikuri H V, Linnaluoto M K, et al. Circadian variation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary arterial disease. Int J Cardiol 1992; 34: 173–178
  • van de Borne P, Gelin M, Van de Stadt J, et al. Circadian rhythms of blood pressure after liver transplantation. Hypertension 1993; 21: 398–405
  • Vaziri N D, Kennedy S C, Kennedy D, et al. Coagulation, fibrinolytic, and inhibitory proteins in acute myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. Am J Med 1992; 93: 651–657
  • Veglio F, Pinna G, Melchio R, et al. Twenty-four-hour power spectral analysis by maximum entropy method of blood pressure in primary hyperaldosteronism. Blood Press 1993; 2: 189–196
  • Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure. An independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1994; 24: 793–801
  • Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Gatteschi C, et al. Blunted nocturnal fall in blood pressure in hypertensive women with future cardiovascular morbid events. Circulation 1993; 88: 986–992
  • Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Guerrieri M, et al. Circadian blood pressure changes and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Circulation 1990; 81: 528–536
  • Wannamethee G, Perry I J, Shaper A G. Haematocrit, hypertension and risk of stroke. J Intern Med 1994; 235: 163–168
  • Waters D D, Miller D D, Bouchard A, et al. Circadian variation in variant angina. Am J Cardiol 1984; 54: 61–64
  • Weitzman E D, Fukushima D, Nogeire C, et al. Twenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of Cortisol in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1971; 33: 14–22
  • White W B, Malchoff C. Diurnal blood pressure variability in mineralocorticoid excess syndrome. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5: 414–418
  • Willich S N, Levy D, Rocco M B, et al. Circadian variation in the incidence of sudden cardiac death in the Framingham Heart Study population. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 801–806
  • Willich S N, Linderer T, Wegscheider K, et al. Increased morning incidence of myocardial infarction in the ISAM Study: absence with prior beta-adrenergic blockade ISAM Study Group. Circulation 1989; 80: 853–858
  • Willich S N, Sintonen S P, Bathia S S. Morning increase in platelet aggregability in patients with coronary artery disease [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 11: 204
  • Winther K, Hillegass W, Tofler G H, et al. Effects on platelet aggregation and fibrinolytic activity during upright posture and exercise in healthy men. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 1051–1055
  • Yasue H, Omote S, Takizawa A, et al. Circadian variation of exercise capacity in patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina: role of exercise-induced coronary arterial spasm. Circulation 1979; 59: 938–948

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.