References
- Yu GP, Li JC, Branovan D, . Thyroid cancer incidence and survival in the national cancer institute surveillance, epidemiology, and end results race/ethnicity groups. Thyroid 2010;20:465–473.
- Chen AY, Jemal A, Ward EM. Increasing incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer in the United States, 1988–2005. Cancer 2009;115:3801–3807.
- Xing M. BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer: pathogenic role, molecular bases, and clinical implications. Endocr Rev 2007;28:742–762.
- Wan PT, Garnett MJ, Roe SM, . Mechanism of activation of the RAF-ERK signaling pathway by oncogenic mutations of B-RAF. Cell 2004;116:855–867.
- Tuveson DA, Weber BL, Herlyn M. BRAF as a potential therapeutic target in melanoma and other malignancies. Cancer Cell 2003;4:95–98.
- Guan H, Ji M, Bao R, . Association of high iodine intake with the T1799A BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:1612–1617.
- Chung KW, Yang SK, Lee GK, . Detection of BRAFV600E mutation on fine needle aspiration specimens of thyroid nodule refines cyto-pathology diagnosis, especially in BRAF600E mutation-prevalent area. Clin Endocrinol 2006;65:660–666.
- Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C, . Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 2002;417:949–954.
- Kimura ET, Nikiforova MN, Zhu Z, . High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer: genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Res 2003;63:1454–1457.
- Melillo RM, Castellone MD, Guarino V, . The RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF linear signaling cascade mediates the motile and mitogenic phenotype of thyroid cancer cells. J Clin Invest 2005;115:1068–1081.
- Mitsutake N, Knauf JA, Mitsutake S, . Conditional BRAFV600E expression induces DNA synthesis, apoptosis, dedifferentiation, and chromosomal instability in thyroid PCCL3 cells. Cancer Res 2005;65:2465–2473.
- Knauf JA, Ma X, Smith EP, . Targeted expression of BRAFV600E in thyroid cells of transgenic mice results in papillary thyroid cancers that undergo dedifferentiation. Cancer Res 2005;65:4238–4245.
- Houben R, Vetter-Kauczok CS, Ortmann S, . Phospho-ERK staining is a poor indicator of the mutational status of BRAF and NRAS in human melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128:2003–2012.
- Uribe P, Andrade L, Gonzalez S. Lack of association between BRAF mutation and MAPK ERK activation in melanocytic nevi. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:161–166.
- Zuo H, Nakamura Y, Yasuoka H, . Lack of association between BRAF V600E mutation and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Pathol Int 2007;57:12–20.
- Mizumoto Y, Kyo S, Mori N, . Activation of ERK1/2 occurs independently of KRAS or BRAF status in endometrial cancer and is associated with favorable prognosis. Cancer Sci 2007;98:652–658.
- Yeung K, Seitz T, Li S, . Suppression of Raf-1 kinase activity and MAP kinase signalling by RKIP. Nature 1999;401:173–177.
- Schuierer MM, Bataille F, Weiss TS, . Raf kinase inhibitor protein is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2006;16:451–456.
- Furukawa T, Sunamura M, Motoi F, . Potential tumor suppressive pathway involving DUSP6/MKP-3 in pancreatic cancer. Am J Pathol 2003;162:1807–1815.
- Keyse SM. Dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) and cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008;27:253–261.
- Mitsutake N, Miyagishi M, Mitsutake S, . BRAF mediates RET/PTC-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in thyroid cells: functional support for requirement of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF pathway in papillary thyroid carcinogenesis. Endocrinology 2006;147:1014–1019.
- Pratilas CA, Taylor BS, Ye Q, (V600E)BRAF is associated with disabled feedback inhibition of RAF-MEK signaling and elevated transcriptional output of the pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:4519–4524.
- Dry JR, Pavey S, Pratilas CA, . Transcriptional pathway signatures predict MEK addiction and response to Selumetinib (AZD6244). Cancer Res 2010;70:2264–2273.
- Solit DB, Garraway LA, Pratilas CA, . BRAF mutation predicts sensitivity to MEK inhibition. Nature 2006;439:358–362.
- Ball DW, Jin N, Rosen DM, . Selective growth inhibition in BRAF mutant thyroid cancer by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor AZD6244. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:4712–4718.
- Leboeuf R, Baumgartner JE, Benezra M, BRAFV600E mutation is associated with preferential sensitivity to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibition in thyroid cancer cell lines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2194–2201.
- Ouyang B, Knauf JA, Smith EP, . Inhibitors of Raf kinase activity block growth of thyroid cancer cells with RET/PTC or BRAF mutations in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:1785–1793.
- Salvatore G, De Falco V, Salerno P, . BRAF is a therapeutic target in aggressive thyroid carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:1623–1629.
- Sherman SI. Targeted therapy of thyroid cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2010;80:592–601.
- Duntas LH, Bernardini R. Sorafenib: rays of hope in thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2010;20:1351–1358.
- Nedachi T, Akahori M, Ariga M, . Tyrosine kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation are required for cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-dependent potentiation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis induced by insulin-like growth factor-I in FRTL-5 cells. Endocrinology 2000;141:2429–2438.
- Ariga M, Nedachi T, Akahori M, . Signalling pathways of insulin-like growth factor-I that are augmented by cAMP in FRTL-5 cells. Biochem J 2000;348(Pt 2):409–416.
- Saunier B, Tournier C, Jacquemin C, . Stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by thyrotropin in primary cultured human thyroid follicles. J Biol Chem 1995;270:3693–3697.