644
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D deficiency in chronic kidney disease

, &
Pages 273-282 | Received 21 Sep 2010, Accepted 25 Nov 2010, Published online: 10 Jan 2011

References

  • Keith DS, Nichols GA, Gullion CM, Brown JB, Smith DH. Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:659–63.
  • Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004;351: 1296–305.
  • Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Elsayed EF, Griffith JL, Salem DN, Levey AS, . The relationship between nontraditional risk factors and outcomes in individuals with stage 3 to 4 CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51:212–23.
  • Wanner C, Krane V, März W, Olschewski M, Mann JF, Ruf G. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353: 238–48.
  • Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Hollis BW, Rimm EB. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1174–80.
  • Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Renner W, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, . Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1340–9.
  • Mehrotra R, Kermah DA, Salusky IB, Wolf MS, Thadhani RI, Chiu YW, . Chronic kidney disease, hypovitaminosis D, and mortality in the United States. Kidney Int. 2009; 76:977–83.
  • Wolf M, Shah A, Gutierrez O, Ankers E, Monroy M, Tamez H, . Vitamin D levels and early mortality among incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2007;72: 1004–13.
  • Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Kusek JW, . Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347: 2010–9.
  • Menon V, Sarnak MJ. The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease stages 1 to 4 and cardiovascular disease: a high-risk combination. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45:223–32.
  • Lensmeyer GL, Wiebe DA, Binkley N, Drezner MK. HPLC method for 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement: comparison with contemporary assays. Clin Chem. 2006;2:1120–6.
  • Armas LAG, Hollis BW, Heaney RP. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:5387–91.
  • Trang HM, Cole DE, Rubin LA, Pierratos A, Siu S, Vieth R. Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:854–8.
  • Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:2062–72.
  • De Luca HF. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(Suppl 1): S1689–96.
  • Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357: 266–81.
  • Holick MF. Vitamin D for health and in chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial. 2005;18:266–75.
  • Dusso AS, Brown AJ, Slatopolsky E. Vitamin D. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;289:F8–F28.
  • Gómez-Alonso C, Naves-Díaz ML, Fernández-Martín JL, Díaz-López JB, Fernández-Coto MT, Cannata-Andía JB. Vitamin D status and secondary hyperparathyroidism: the importance of 25-hydroxyvitamin D cut-off levels. Kidney Int. 2003;(Suppl 85):S44–48.
  • Al-Aly Z, Qazi RA, Gonzalez EA, Zeringue A, Martin KJ. Changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and plasma intact PTH levels following treatment with ergocalciferol in patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50:59–68.
  • Zisman AL, Ghantous W, Schinleber P, Roberts L, Sprague SM. Inhibition of parathyroid hormone: a dose equivalency study of paricalcitol and doxercalciferol. Am J Nephrol. 2005;25:591–5.
  • Kooienga L, Fried L, Scragg R, Kendrick J, Smits G, Chonchol M. The effect of combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation on serum intact parathyroid hormone in moderate CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:408–16.
  • González EA, Sachdeva A, Oliver DA, Martin KJ. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in chronic kidney disease. A single center observational study. Am J Nephrol. 2004;24: 503–10.
  • Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, Arnaud S, Galan P, Hercberg S, . Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporosis Int. 1997;7:439–43.
  • Thomas MK, Lloyd-Jones DM, Thadhani RI, Shaw AC, Deraska DJ, Kitch BT, . Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:777–83.
  • Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Dallal GE. Plasma calcidiol, season, and serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in healthy elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65: 67–71.
  • Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Hale CA, Bendich A. Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003;22:142–6.
  • Levin A, Bakris GL, Molitch M, Smulders M, Tian J, Williams LA, . Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2007;71:31–8.
  • Chonchol M, Scragg R. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, insulin resistance, and kidney function in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Kidney Int. 2007;71: 134–9.
  • LaClair RE, Hellman RN, Karp SL, Kraus M, Ofner S, Li Q, . Prevalence of calcidiol deficiency in CKD: a cross-sectional study across latitudes in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45:1026–33.
  • Sato KA, Gray RW, Lemann J Jr. Urinary excretion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in health and the nephrotic syndrome. J Lab Clin Med. 1982;99:325–30.
  • Aloni Y, Shany S, Chaimovitz C. Losses of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in peritoneal fluid: possible mechanism for bone disease in uremic patients treated with chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1983;9:82–6.
  • Holick MF. The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences. J Nutr. 2005;35:S2739–48.
  • Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:18–28.
  • van Driel M, Koedam M, Buurman CJ, Roelse M, Weyts F, Chiba H, . Evidence that both 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-hydroxylated D3 enhance human osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. J Cell Biochem. 2006;99: 922–35.
  • Ritter CS, Armbrecht HJ, Slatopolsky E, Brown AJ. 25- Hydroxyvitamin D(3) suppresses PTH synthesis and secretion by bovine parathyroid cells. Kidney Int. 2006;70: 654–9.
  • Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80 (suppl):S1678–88.
  • Stumpf WE, Sar M, Reid FA, Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF. Target cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal tract, stomach, kidney, skin, pituitary, and parathyroid. Science. 1979;206:1188–90.
  • Somjen D, Weisman Y, Kohen F, Gayer B, Limor R, Sharon O, . 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase is expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells and is up-regulated by parathyroid hormone and estrogenic compounds. Circulation. 2005;111:1666–71.
  • Hewison M, Zehnder D, Chakraverty R, Adams JS. Vitamin D and barrier function: a novel role for extra-renal 1α-hydroxylase. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;215:31–8.
  • Li YC. Vitamin D regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. J Cell Biochem. 2003;88:327–31.
  • Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, Chen ZF, Liu SQ, Cao LP. 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:229–38.
  • Asaka M, Iida H, Izumino K, Sasayama S. Depressed natural killer cell activity in uremia. Evidence for immunosuppressive factor in uremic sera. Nephron. 1988;49:291–5.
  • Hayes CE, Nashold FE, Spach KM, Pedersen LB. The immunological functions of the vitamin D endocrine system. Cell Mol Biol. 2003;49:277–300.
  • Martins D, Wolf M, Pan D, Zadshir A, Tareen N, Thadhani R, . Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1159–65.
  • Rostand SG. Ultraviolet light may contribute to geographic and racial blood pressure differences. Hypertension. 1997; 30: 150–6.
  • Krause R, Buhring M, Hopfenmuller W, Holick MF, Sharma AM. Ultraviolet B and blood pressure. Lancet. 1998;352:709–10.
  • Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R, Zenari L, Scala L, Cigolini M, . Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and carotid artery intima-media thickness among type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;65:593–7.
  • Cigolini M, Iagulli MP, Miconi V, Galiotto M, Lombardi S, Targher G. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and prevalence of cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:722–4.
  • Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:820–5.
  • Schwartz GG, Eads D, Rao A, Cramer SD, Willingham MC, Chen TC, . Pancreatic cancer cells express 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase and their proliferation is inhibited by the prohormone 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Carcinogenesis. 2004;25:1015–26.
  • Shinohara K, Shoji T, Emoto M, Tahara H, Koyama H, Ishimura E, . Insulin resistance as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:1894–900.
  • Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Körfer R, Stehle P. Low vitamin D status: a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:105–12.
  • Jacoby DS, Rader DJ. Renin-angiotensin system and athero-thrombotic disease: from genes to treatment. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1155–64.
  • Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, . Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008;117:503–11.
  • Kilkkinen A, Knekt P, Aro A, Rissanen H, Marniemi J, Heliovaara M, . Vitamin D status and the risk of cardiovascular disease death. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170:1032–9.
  • Pilz S, Dobnig H, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Stehouwer CD, Snijder MB, . Vitamin D and mortality in older men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;71:666–72.
  • Kendrick J, Targher G, Smits G, Chonchol M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is independently associated with cardiovascular disease in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Atherosclerosis. 2009;205:255–60.
  • Pittas AG, Chung M, Trikalinos T, Mitri J, Brendel M, Patel K, . Systematic review. Vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:307–14.
  • Ginde AA, Scragg R, Schwartz RS, Camargo CA Jr. Prospective study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d level, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all-cause mortality in older US adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:1595–603.
  • Wang L, Manson J, Song Y, Sesso HD. Systematic review. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:315–23.
  • Candido R, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Cao Z, Nesteroff SP, Burns WC, Twigg SM, . Prevention of accelerated atherosclerosis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation. 2002;106: 246–53.
  • London GM, Guérin AP, Verbeke FH, Pannier B, Boutouyrie P, Marchais SJ, . Mineral metabolism and arterial functions in end-stage renal disease: potential role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;8:613–20.
  • Teng M, Wolf M, Ofsthun MN, Lazarus JM, Hernán MA, Camargo CA Jr, . Activated injectable vitamin D and hemodialysis survival: a historical cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1115–25.
  • Roth DE, Soto G, Arenas F, Bautista CT, Ortiz J, Rodriguez R, . Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and response to treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:920–7.
  • Wayse V, Yousafzai A, Mogale K, Filteau S. Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 yrs. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58:563–7.
  • Zasloff M. Fighting infections with vitamin D. Nat Med. 2006;2:388–90.
  • Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, . Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science. 2006;311:1770–3.
  • Zanetti M. Cathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity. J Leukoc Biol. 2004;75:39–48.
  • Zaiou M, Gallo RL. Cathelicidins, essential gene-encoded mammalian antibiotics. J Mol Med. 2002;80:549–61.
  • Mathieu C, Adorini L. The coming of age of 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs as immunomodulatory agents. Trends Mol Med. 2002;8:174–9.
  • Gorgoni B, Maritano D, Marthyn P, Righi M, Poli V. C/EBPβ gene inactivation causes both impaired and enhanced gene expression and inverse regulation of IL-12 p40 and p35 mRNAs in macrophages. J Immunol. 2002;168:4055–62.
  • Lemire JM. Immunomodulatory actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995;53:599–602.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.