Chemical and physical properties of regenerative medicine materials controlling stem cell fate

References

• Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation. 1968;6:230–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans MJ, Kaufman MH. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature. 1981;292:154–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amit M, Carpenter MK, Inokuma MS, Chiu CP, Harris CP, Waknitz MA, . Clonally derived human embryonic stem cell lines maintain pluripotency and proliferative potential for prolonged periods of culture. Dev Biol. 2000;227:271–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orkin SH, Morrison SJ. Stem-cell competition. Nature. 2002; 418:25–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang Y, Jahagirdar BN, Reinhardt RL, Schwartz RE, Keene CD, Ortiz-Gonzalez XR, . Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature. 2002;418:41–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajstura J, Rota M, Whang B, Cascapera S, Hosoda T, Bearzi C, . Bone marrow cells differentiate in cardiac cell lineages after infarction independently of cell fusion. Circ Res. 2005; 96:127–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, . Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999;284:143–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moviglia GA, Varela G, Gaeta CA, Brizuela JA, Bastos F, Saslavsky J. Autoreactive T cells induce in vitro BM mesenchymal stem cell transdifferentiation to neural stem cells. Cytotherapy. 2006;8:196–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, Vodyanik MA, Smuga-Otto K, Antosiewicz-Bourget J, Frane JL, Tian S, . Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science. 2007;318:1917–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006;126:663–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, . Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 2007;131: 861–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singec I, Jandia R, Crain A, Nikkhah G, Snyder EY. The leading edge of stem cell therapeutics. Annu Rev Med. 2007; 58:313–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams GB, Scadden DT. A niche opportunity for stem cell therapeutics. Gene Ther. 2008;15:96–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daya SM, Watson A, Sharpe JR, Giledi O, Rowe A, Martin R, . Outcomes and DNA analysis of ex vivo expanded stem cell allograft for ocular surface reconstruction. Ophthalmology. 2005;112:470–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyndall A, Houssiau FA. Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69: 1413–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesselmann C, Ma N, Bieback K, Wagner W, Ho A, Konttinen YT, . Mesenchymal stem cells and cardiac repair. J Cell Mol Med. 2008;12:1795–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson E, Mapili G, Erickson K, Taqvi S, Roy K. Biomaterials for stem cell differentiation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60: 215–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Osch GJVM, Brittberg M, Dennis JE, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, Erben RG, Konttinen YT, . Cartilage repair: past and future—lessons for regenerative medicine. J Cell Mol Med. 2009;13:793–811.
   Google Scholar
• Geron press release, 11 October 2010. Available at: http://www.geron.com/
   Google Scholar
• Advanced cell technology press release, 22 November 2010. Available at: http://www.advancedcell.com/
   Google Scholar
• Langer R, Vacanti JP. Tissue engineering. Science. 1993;260: 920–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Elisseff J. Biomaterials for stem cell differentiation. J Mater Chem. 2010;20:8832–47.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher O, Khademhosseini A, Langer R, Peppas NA. Bioinspired materials for controlling stem cell fate. Acc Chem Res. 2010;43:419–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutolf MP, Gilpert PM, Blau HM. Designing materials to direct stem-cell fate. Nature. 2009;462:433–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez E, Lagunas A, Mills CA, Rodríguez-Seguí S, Estévez M, Oberhansl S, . Stem cell differentiation by functionalized micro- and nanostructured surfaces. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2009;4:65–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim JY, Donahue HJ. Cell sensing and response to micro- and nanostructured surfaces produced by chemical and topographic patterning. Tissue Eng. 2007;13:1879–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lund AW, Yener B, Stegemann JP, Plopper GE. The natural and engineered 3D microenvironment as a regulatory cue during stem cell fate determination. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2009;15:371–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdick JA, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Engineered microenvironments for controlled stem cell differentiation. Tissue Eng A. 2009;15:205–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clause KC, Liu LJ, Tobita K. Directed stem cell differentiation: the role of physical forces. Cell Commun Adhes. 2010;17:48–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keung AJ, Kumar S, Schaffer DV. Presentation counts: microenvironmental regulation of stem cells by biophysical and material cues. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2010;26:533–56.
   Google Scholar
• Guilak F, Cohen DM, Estes BT, Gimble JM, Liedtke W, Chen CS. Control of stem cell fate by physical interactions with the extracellular matrix. Cell Stem Cell. 2009;5:17–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daley WP, Peters SB, Larsen M. Extracellular matrix dynamics in development and regenerative medicine. J Cell Sci. 2008;121:255–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konttinen YT, Kaivosoja E, Stegaev V, Levón J, Tiainen V-M, Mackiewicz Z. Extracellular matrix and tissue regeneration. Steinhoff G. Regenerative medicine—from protocol to patient. London, UK: Springer Publications; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Dellatore SM, Garcia AS, Miller WM. Mimicking stem cell niches to increase stem cell expansion. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2008;19:534–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lutolf MP, Hubbell JA. Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extracellular microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering. Nat Biotechnol. 2005;23:47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett KP, Bergeron C, Acar E, Klees RF, Vandenberg SL, Yener B, . Proteomics reveals multiple routes to the osteogenic phenotype in mesenchymal stem cells. BMC Genomics. 2007;8:380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benoit DS, Schwartz MP, Durney AR, Anseth KS. Small functional groups for controlled differentiation of hydrogel-encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Mater. 2008;7:816–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray P, Edgar D. The topographical regulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2004;359:1009–20.
   Google Scholar
• Boonen KJM, Post MJ. The muscle stem cell niche: regulation of satellite cells during regeneration. Tissue Eng B. 2008; 14:419–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Agosto JA, Mikkola HKA, Hartenstein V, Banerjee U. The hematopoietic stem cell and its niche: a comparative view. Genes Dev. 2007;21:3044–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenghui H, Nakada D, Morrison SJ. Mechanisms of stem cell self-renewal. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2009;25:377–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DF. On the mechanisms of biocompatibility. Biomaterials. 2008;29:2941–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia AJ, Vega MD, Boettiger D. Modulation of cell proliferation and differentiation through substrate-dependent changes in fibronectin conformation. Mol Biol Cell. 1999;10: 785–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charest JL, Garcia AJ, King WP. Myoblast alignment and differentiation on cell culture substrates with microscale topography and model chemistries. Biomaterials. 2007;28:2202–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodbeck WG, Voskerician G, Ziats NP, Nakayama Y, Matsuda T, Anderson JM. In vivo leukocyte cytokine mRNA responses to biomaterials are dependent on surface chemistry. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003;64:320–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keselowsky BG, Wang L, Schwartz Z, Garcia AJ, Boyan BD. Integrin α5 controls osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation responses to titanium substrates presenting different roughness characteristics in a roughness independent manner. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2007;80:700–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen LT, Fox EJ, Blute I, Kelly ZD, Rochev Y, Keenan AK, . Interaction of soft condensed materials with living cells: phenotype/transcriptome correlations for the hydrophobic effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:6331–6.
   Google Scholar
• Patel DC, Luo RG. Protein adsorption dissociation constants in various types of biochromatography. Stud Surf Sci Catal. 1999;120:829–45.
   Google Scholar
• Basilico C, Moscatelli D. The FGF family of growth factors and oncogenes. Adv Cancer Res. 1992;59:115–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran JM, Chen R, Hunt JA. The guidance of human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation in vitro by controlled modifications to the cell substrate. Biomaterials. 2006;27:4783–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindblad M, Lestelius M, Johansson A, Tengvall P, Thomsen P. Cell and soft tissue interactions with methyl- and hydroxyl-terminated alkane thiols on gold surfaces. Biomaterials. 1997;18:1059–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keselowsky BG, Collard DM, García AJ. Surface chemistry modulates fibronectin conformation and directs integrin binding and specificity to control cell adhesion. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003;66:247–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo L, Kawazoe N, Fan Y, Ito Y, Tanaka J, Tateishi T, . Chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on photoreactive polymer-modified surfaces. Biomaterials. 2008;29:23–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Chen S, Giachelli CM, Ratner BD, Jiang S. Controlling osteopontin orientation on surfaces to modulate endothelial cell adhesion. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2005;74:23–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips JE, Petrie TA, Creighton FP, García AJ. Human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation on self-assembled monolayers presenting different surface chemistries. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:12–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tidwell CD, Ertel SI, Ratner BD. Endothelial cell growth and protein adsorption on terminally functionalized, self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold. Langmuir. 1997;13:3404–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keselowsky BG, Collard DM, Garcia AJ. Surface chemistry modulates focal adhesion composition and signaling through changes in integrin binding. Biomaterials. 2004;25:5947–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keselowsky BG, Collard DM, Garcia AJ. Integrin binding specificity regulates biomaterial surface chemistry effects on cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102: 5953–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrie TA, Raynor JE, Reyes CD, Burns KL, Collard DM, Garcia AJ. The effect of integrin-specific bioactive coatings on tissue healing and implant osseointegration. Biomaterials. 2008;29:2849–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes CD, Petrie TA, Burns KL, Schwartz Z, Garcia AJ. Biomolecular surface coating to enhance orthopaedic tissue healing and integration. Biomaterials. 2007;28:3228–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronthos S, Simmons PJ, Graves SE, Robey PG. Integrin-mediated interactions between human bone marrow stromal precursor cells and the extracellular matrix. Bone. 2001;28: 174–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oleschuk RD, Mccomb ME, Chow A, Ens W, Standing KG, Perreault H, . Characterization of plasma proteins adsorbed onto biomaterials. By MALDI-TOFMS. Biomaterials. 2000;21: 1701–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suh CW, Kim MY, Choo JB, Kim JK, Kim HK, Lee EK. Analysis of protein adsorption characteristics to nano-pore silica particles by using confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Biotechnol. 2004;112:267–77.
   Google Scholar
• Valamehr B, Jonas SJ, Polleux J, Qiao R, Guo S, Gschweng EH, . Hydrophobic surfaces for enhanced differentiation of embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:14459–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen SS, Fitzgerald W, Zimmerberg J, Kleinman HK, Margolis L. Cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions regulate embryonic stem cell differentiation. Stem Cells. 2007;25:553–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin YN, Kim BS, Ahn HH, Lee JH, Kim KS, Lee JY, . Adhesion comparison of human bone marrow stem cells on a gradient wettable surface prepared by corona treatment. Appl Surf Sci. 2008;255:293–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroeze RJ, Helder MN, Roos WH, Wuite GJ, Bank RA, Smit TH. The effect of ethylene oxide, glow discharge and electron beam on the surface characteristics of poly (L-lactide-co-caprolactone) and the corresponding cellular response of adipose stem cells. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:2060–5.
   Google Scholar
• Olivares-Navarrete R, Hyzy SL, Hutton DL, Erdman CP, Wieland M, Boyan BD, . Direct and indirect effects of microstructured titanium substrates on the induction of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation towards the osteoblast lineage. Biomaterials. 2010;31:2728–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieswetter K, Schwartz Z, Dean DD, Boyan BD. The role of implant surface characteristics in the healing of bone. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1996;7:329–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edmiston PL, Saavedra SS. Molecular orientation distributions in protein films: III. Yeast cytochrome c immobilized on pyridyl disulfide-capped phospholipid bilayers. Biophys J. 1998;74:999–1006.
   Google Scholar
• Lamour G, Eftekhari-Bafrooei A, Borguet E, Souès S, Hamraoui A. Neuronal adhesion and differentiation driven by nanoscale surface free-energy gradients. Biomaterials. 2010;31:3762–71.
   Google Scholar
• Cai K, Frant M, Bossert J, Hildebrand G, Liefeith K, Jandt KD. Surface functionalized titanium thin films: Zeta-potential, protein adsorption and cell proliferation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2006;50:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton RM, Rasmussen AC, Davies JE. Protein adsorption at the interface between charged polymer substrata and migrating osteoblasts. Biomaterials. 1988;9:24–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies JE, Causton B, Bovell Y, Davy K, Sturt CS. The migration of osteoblasts over substrata of discrete surface charge. Biomaterials. 1986;7:231–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titushkin I, Cho M. Regulation of cell cytoskeleton and membrane mechanics by electric field: role of linker proteins. Biophys J. 2009;96:717–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun S, Lui Y, Lipsky S, Cho M. Physical manipulation of calcium oscillation facilitates osteodifferentation of human mesenchymal stem cells. FASEB J. 2007;21:1472–80.
   Google Scholar
• Cho MR, Thatte HS, Lee RC, Golan DE. Reorganization of microfilament structure induced by ac electric fields. FASEB J. 1996;10:1552–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho MR, Thatte HS, Lee RC, Golan DE. Induced redistribution of cell surface receptors by alternating current electric fields. FASEB J. 1994;8:771–6.
   Google Scholar
• Titushkin IA, Rao VS, Cho MR. Mode- and cell-type dependent calcium responses induced by electrical stimulus. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. 2004;32:1614–9.
   Google Scholar
• Sauer H, Rahimi G, Hescheler J, Wartenberg M. Effects of electrical fields on cardiomyocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cells. J Cell Biochem. 1999;75:710–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima J, Shinohara H, Ikariyama Y, Aizawa M, Nagaike K, Morioka S. Electrically controlled proliferation of human carcinoma cells cultured on the surface of an electrode. J Biotechnol. 1991;18:129–39.
   Google Scholar
• Kimura K, Yanagida Y, Haruyama T, Kobatake E, Aizawa M. Gene expression in the electrically stimulated differentiation of PC12 cells. J Biotechnol. 1998;63:55–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt CE, Shastri VR, Vacanti JP, Langer R. Stimulation of neurite outgrowth using an electrically conducting polymer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:8948–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotwal A, Schmidt CE. Electrical stimulation alters protein adsorption and nerve cell interactions with electrically conducting biomaterials. Biomaterials. 2001;22:1055–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor Z, Mille K. Reassessment of brain elasticity for analysis of biomechanisms of hydrocephalus. J Biomech. 2004: 37;1263–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rho JY, Ashman RB, Turner CH. Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. J Biomech. 1993;26:111–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titushkin I, Cho M. Modulation of cellular mechanics during osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biophys J. 2007;93:3693–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz U. Soft matters in cell adhesion: rigidity sensing on soft elastic substrates. Soft Matter. 2007;3:263–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ingber DE. The mechanochemical basis of cell and tissue regulation. Mech Chem Biosyst. 2004;1:53–68.
   Google Scholar
• Rowlands AS, George PA, Cooper-White JJ. Directing osteogenic and myogenic differentiation of MSCs: interplay of stiffness and adhesive ligand presentation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008;295:C1037–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerman JT, Burwen SJ, Pitelka DR. Substrate properties influencing ultrastructural differentiation of mammary epithelial cells in culture. Tissue Cell. 1979;11:109–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Discher DE, Janmey P, Wang YL. Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate. Science. 2005; 310:1139–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelham RJ Jr, Wang Y. Cell locomotion and focal adhesions are regulated by substrate flexibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:13661–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HB, Dembo M, Wang YL. Substrate flexibility regulates growth and apoptosis of normal but not transformed cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2000;279:C1345–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, Disher DE. Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. Cell. 2006;126:677–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha K, Keung AJ, Irwin EF, Li Y, Little L, Schaffer DV, . Substrate modulus directs neural stem cell behavior. Biophys J. 2008;95:4426–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winer JP, Janmey PA, McCormick ME, Funaki M. Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells become quiescent on soft substrates but remain responsive to chemical or mechanical stimuli. Tissue Eng Part A. 2009;15:147–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonen KJ, Rosaria-Chak KY, Baaijens FP, van der Schaft DW, Post MJ. Essential environmental cues from the satellite cell niche: optimizing proliferation and differentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2009;296:C1338–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mammoto A, Connor KM, Mammoto T, Yung CW, Huh D, Aderman CM, . A mechanosensitive transcriptional mechanism that controls angiogenesis. Nature. 2009;457:1103–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas CH, Collier JH, Sfeir CS, Healy KE. Engineering gene expression and protein synthesis by modulation of nuclear shape. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:1972–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal A, Goldstein LS. Connecting vesicle transport to the cytoskeleton. Curr Opin Biol. 2000;12:503–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mammoto A, Huang S, Ingber DE. Filamin links cell shape and cytoskeletal structure to Rho regulation by controlling accumulation of p190RhoGAP in lipid rafts. J Cell Sci. 2007;120:456–67.
   Google Scholar
• Wang J, Tolan DR, Pagliaro L. Metabolic compartmentation in living cells: structural association of aldolase. Exp Cell Res. 1997;237:445–51.
   Google Scholar
• Katsumi A, Orr AW, Tzima E, Schwartz MA. Integrins in mechanotransduction. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:12001–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto S, Teramoto H, Coso OA, Gutkind JS, Burbelo PD, Akiyama SK, . Integrin function: molecular hierarchies of cytoskeletal and signaling molecules. J Cell Biol. 1995;131:791–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TJ, Seong J, Ouyang M, Sun J, Lu S, Hong JP, . Substrate rigidity regulates Ca2 + oscillation via RhoA pathway in stem cells. J Cell Physiol. 2009;218:285–93.
   Google Scholar
• Lu W, Wang J, Wen T. Downregulation of Rho-GDI gamma promotes differentiation of neural stem cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2008;311:233–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Rio A, Perez-Jimenez R, Liu R, Roca-Cusachs P, Fernandez JM, Sheetz MP. Stretching single talin rod molecules activates vinculin binding. Science. 2009;323:638–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CP, Tang HY, Carag C, Speicher DW, Discher DE. Forced unfolding of proteins within cells. Science. 2007;317: 663–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedland JC, Lee MH, Boettiger D. Mechanically activated integrin switch controls α5β1 function. Science. 2009; 323:642–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riveline D, Zamir E, Balaban NQ, Schwarz US, Ishizaki T, Narumiya S, . Focal contacts as mechanosensors: externally applied local mechanical force induces growth of focal contacts by an mDia1-dependent and ROCK-independent mechanism. J Cell Biol. 2001;153:1175–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith ML, Gourdon D, Little WC, Kubow KE, Eguiluz RA, Luna-Morris S, . Force-induced unfolding of fibronectin in the extracellular matrix of living cells. PLoS Biol. 2007;5:2243–54.
   Google Scholar
• Lo CM, Wang HB, Dembo M, Wang YL. Cell movement is guided by the rigidity of the substrate. Biophys J. 2000;79: 144–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis ASG, Varde M. Control of cell behaviour: topological factors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1964;33:15–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis A, Wilkinson C. Nantotechniques and approaches in biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 2001;19:97–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo W, Jones SR, Yousaf MN. Geometric control of stem cell differentiation rate on surfaces. Langmuir. 2008;24: 12129–33.
   Google Scholar
• Dalby MJ, Gadegaard N, Tare R, Andar A, Riehle MO, Herzyk P, . The control of human mesenchymal cell differentiation using nanoscale symmetry and disorder. Nat Mater. 2007;6:997–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalby MJ, McCloy D, Robertson M, Wilkinson CD, Oreffo RO. Osteoprogenitor response to defined topographies with nanoscale depths. Biomaterials. 2006;27:1306–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanetti NC, Solursh M. Induction of chondrogenesis in limb mesenchymal cultures by disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol. 1984;99:115–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride S, Knothe Tate M. Modulation of stem cell shape and fate A: The role of density and seeding protocol on nucleus shape and gene expression. Tissue Eng Part A. 2008;14:1561–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBeath R, Pirone DM, Nelson CM, Bhadriraju K, Chen CS. Cell shape, cytoskeletal tension, and RhoA regulate stem cell lineage commitment. Develop Cell. 2004;6:483–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh S, Brammer KS, Li YS, Teng D, Engler AJ, Chien S, . Stem cell fate dictated solely by altered nanotube dimension. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:2130–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilian KA, Bugarija B, Lahn BT, Mrksich M. Geometric cues for directing the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:4872–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz SA, Chen CS. Emergence of patterned stem cell differentiation within multicellular structures. Stem Cells. 2008;26:2921–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaubey A, Ross KJ, Leadbetter RM, Burg KJL. Surface patterning: tool to modulate stem cell differentiation in an adipose system. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2008;84:70–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maniotis AJ, Chen CS, Ingber DE. Demonstration of mechanical connections between integrins, cytoskeletal filaments, and nucleoplasm that stabilize nuclear structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:849–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brammer KS, Oh S, Cobb CJ, Bjursten LM, van der Heyde H, Jin S. Improved bone-forming functionality on diameter-controlled TiO(2) nanotube surface. Acta Biomater. 2009;5: 3215–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myllymaa S, Kaivosoja E, Myllymaa K, Sillat T, Korhonen H, Lappalainen R, . Adhesion, spreading and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells cultured on micropatterned amorphous diamond, titanium, tantalum and chromium coatings on silicon. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2010;21:329–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöström T, Dalby MJ, Hart A, Tare R, Oreffo RO, Su B. Fabrication of pillar-like titania nanostructures on titanium and their interactions with human skeletal stem cells. Acta Biomater. 2009;5:1433–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Volberg T, Micoulet A, Kessler H, Geiger B, Spatz JP. Cell spreading and focal adhesion dynamics are regulated by spacing of integrin ligands. Biophys J. 2007;92:2964–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs MJ, Richards RG, Gadegaard N, Wilkinson CD, Oreffo RO, Dalby MJ. The use of nanoscale topography to modulate the dynamics of adhesion formation in primary osteoblasts and ERK/MAPK signalling in STRO-1 + enriched skeletal stem cells. Biomaterials. 2009;30:5094–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yim EK, Darling EM, Kulangara K, Guilak F, Leong KW. Nanotopography-induced changes in focal adhesions, cytoskeletal organization, and mechanical properties of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials. 2010;31:1299–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karp JM, Yeh J, Eng G, Fukuda J, Blumling J, Suh KY, . Controlling size, shape and homogeneity of embryoid bodies using poly(ethylene glycol) microwells. Lab Chip. 2007;7:786–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalby MJ, McCloy D, Robertson M, Agheli H, Sutherland D, Affrossman S, . Osteoprogenitor response to semi-ordered and random nanotopographies. Biomaterials. 2006; 27:2980–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jedlicka S, Leavesley SJ, Little KM, Robinson JP, Nivens DE, Rickus JL. Interactions between chemical functionality and nanoscale surface topography impact fibronectin conformation and neuronal differentiation on model sol-gel silica substrates. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 2007;950:D04–13.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Fan W, Ma Z, Wu C, Fang W, Liu G, . The effects of pore architecture in silk fibroin scaffolds on the growth and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells expressing BMP7. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:3021–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh SH, Kim TH, Im GI, Lee JH. Investigation of pore size effect on chondrogenic differentiation of adipose stem cells using a pore size gradient scaffold. Biomacromolecules. 2010;11:1948–55.
   Google Scholar
• Mygind T, Stiehler M, Baatrup A, Li H, Zou X, Flyvbjerg A, . Mesenchymal stem cell ingrowth and differentiation on coralline hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Biomaterials. 2007;28: 1036–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taqvi S, Roy K. Influence of scaffold physical properties and stromal cell coculture on hematopoietic differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials. 2006;27:6024–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens MM, George JH. Exploring and engineering the cell surface interface. Science. 2005;310:1135–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien FJ, Harley BA, Waller MA, Yannas IV, Gibson LJ, Prendergast PJ. The effect of pore size on permeability and cell attachment in collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering. Technol Health Care. 2007;15:3–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Otsuki B, Takemoto M, Fujibayashi S, Neo M, Kokubo T, Nakamura T. Pore throat size and connectivity determine bone and tissue ingrowth into porous implants: three-dimensional micro-CT based structural analyses of porous bioactive titanium implants. Biomaterials. 2006;27:5892–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melchels FP, Barradas AM, van Blitterswijk CA, de Boer J, Feijen J, Grijpma DW. Effects of the architecture of tissue engineering scaffolds on cell seeding and culturing. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:4208–17.
   Google Scholar
• Konttinen YT, Milošev I, Trebše R, Rantanen P, Linden R, Tiainen VM, . Metals for joint replacement. Revell P. Joint replacement technology. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing Limited; 2008. 115–62.
   Google Scholar
• Hu Q, Tan Z, Liu Y, Tao J, Cai Y, Zhang M, . Effect of crystallinity of calcium phosphate nanoparticles on adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Mater Chem. 2007;17:4690–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Kempen DH, Yaszemski MJ, Lu L. The roles of matrix polymer crystallinity and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in modulating material properties of photo-crosslinked composites and bone marrow stromal cell responses. Biomaterials. 2009;30:3359–70.
   Google Scholar
• Kavlock KD. Effect of mechanical environment on the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells for functional bone tissue engineering. Doctoral thesis. Faculty of the Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, VA, USA; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Dekker RJ, de Bruijn JD, Stigter M, Barrere F, Layrolle P, van Blitterswijk CA. Bone tissue engineering on amorphous carbonated apatite and crystalline octacalcium phosphate-coated titanium discs. Biomaterials. 2005;26:5231–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang B, Dennison D, Ong JL. Protein adsorption and osteoblast precursor cell attachment to hydroxyapatite of different crystallinities. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2005; 20:187–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai L, Wang S. Parabolic dependence of material properties and cell behavior on the composition of polymer networks via simultaneously controlling crosslinking density and crystallinity. Biomaterials. 2010;31:7423–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson DG, Levenberg S, Langer R. Nanoliter-scale synthesis of arrayed biomaterials and application to human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2004;22: 863–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson DG, Putnam D, Lavik EB, Mahmood TA, Langer R. Biomaterial microarrays: rapid, microscale screening of polymer-cell interaction. Biomaterials. 2005;26: 4892–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuss S, Apel C, Buttler P, Denecke B, Dhanasingh A, Ding X, . Assessment of stem cell/biomaterial combinations for stem cell-based tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2008;29:302–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaim CJ, Chien S, Bhatia SN. An extracellular matrix microarray for probing cellular differentiation. Nat Methods. 2005;2:119–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar