Risk markers of sudden cardiac death in standard 12-lead electrocardiograms

References

• Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, Mensah GA. Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989 to 1998. Circulation. 2001;104:2158–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huikuri HV, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1473–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myerburg RJ, Vetter VL. Electrocardiograms should be included in preparticipation screening of athletes. Circulation. 2007;116:2616–26; discussion 2626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock R. Functional obstruction of the left ventricle; acquired aortic subvalvar stenosis. Guys Hosp Rep. 1957;106:221–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teare D. Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults. Br Heart J. 1958;20:1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hauer RN, Aliot E, Block M, Capucci A, Luderitz B, Santini M, . Indications for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy. Study Group on Guidelines on ICDs of the Working Group on Arrhythmias and the Working Group on Cardiac Pacing of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1074–81.
   Google Scholar
• Codd MB, Sugrue DD, Gersh BJ, Melton LJ 3rd. Epidemiology of idiopathic dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975–1984. Circulation. 1989;80:564–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hada Y, Sakamoto T, Amano K, Yamaguchi T, Takenaka K, Takahashi H, . Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a population of adult Japanese workers as detected by echocardiographic screening. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59:183–4.
   Google Scholar
• Lipshultz SE, Sleeper LA, Towbin JA, Lowe AM, Orav EJ, Cox GF, . The incidence of pediatric cardiomyopathy in two regions of the United States. N Engl J Med. 2003;348: 1647–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maron BJ, Gardin JM, Flack JM, Gidding SS, Kurosaki TT, Bild DE. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a general population of young adults. Echocardiographic analysis of 4111 subjects in the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults. Circulation. 1995;92:785–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent AW, Daubeney PE, Chondros P, Carlin JB, Cheung M, Wilkinson LC, . The epidemiology of childhood cardiomyopathy in Australia. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1639–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridjab D, Koch M, Zabel M, Schultheiss HP, Morguet AJ. Cardiac arrest and ventricular tachycardia in Japanese-type apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiology. 2007;107: 81–6.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson MJ, Sonnenberg B, Woo A, Rakowski P, Parker TG, Wigle ED, . Long-term outcome in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39: 638–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fananapazir L, Tracy CM, Leon MB, Winkler JB, Cannon RO 3rd, Bonow RO, . Electrophysiologic abnormalities in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A consecutive analysis in 155 patients. Circulation. 1989;80:1259–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lemery R, Kleinebenne A, Nihoyannopoulos P, Aber V, Alfonso F, McKenna WJ. Q waves in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in relation to the distribution and severity of right and left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;16:368–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Ciro E, Spirito P. Relation of electrocardiographic abnormalities and patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy identified by 2-dimensional echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1983;51:189–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage DD, Seides SF, Clark CE, Henry WL, Maron BJ, Robinson FC, . Electrocardiographic findings in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1978;58(3 Pt 1):402–8.
   Google Scholar
• Krikler DM, Davies MJ, Rowland E, Goodwin JF, Evans RC, Shaw DB. Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: associated accessory atrioventricular pathways. Br Heart J. 1980;43:245–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Heidbuchel H, Sharma S, Link M, Basso C, . Recommendations for interpretation of 12-lead electrocardiogram in the athlete. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:243–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolpert C, Veltmann C, Schimpf R, Antzelevitch C, Gussak I, Borggrefe M. Is a narrow and tall QRS complex an ECG marker for sudden death? Heart Rhythm. 2008;5:1339–45.
   Google Scholar
• Cleland JG, Chattopadhyay S, Khand A, Houghton T, Kaye GC. Prevalence and incidence of arrhythmias and sudden death in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2002;7:229–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Tintelen JP, Hofstra RM, Katerberg H, Rossenbacker T, Wiesfeld AC, du Marchie Sarvaas GJ, . Working Group on Inherited Cardiac Disorders, line 27/50, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of The Netherlands. High yield of LMNA mutations in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and/or conduction disease referred to cardiogenetics outpatient clinics. Am Heart J. 2007;154:1130–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferies JL, Towbin JA. Dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2010;375:752–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adabag AS, Peterson G, Apple FS, Titus J, King R, Luepker RV. Etiology of sudden death in the community: results of anatomical, metabolic, and genetic evaluation. Am Heart J. 2010;159:33–9.
   Google Scholar
• Marcus FI, Fontaine GH, Guiraudon G, Frank R, Laurenceau JL, Malergue C, . Right ventricular dysplasia: a report of 24 adult cases. Circulation. 1982;65: 384–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna WJ, Thiene G, Nava A, Fontaliran F, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Fontaine G, . Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Task Force of the Working Group Myocardial and Pericardial Disease of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology. Br Heart J. 1994;71:215–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cox MG, van der Smagt JJ, Wilde AA, Wiesfeld AC, Atsma DE, Nelen MR, . New ECG criteria in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2:524–30.
   Google Scholar
• Norman MW, McKenna WJ. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: perspectives on disease. Z Kardiol. 1999;88:550–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiene G, Nava A, Corrado D, Rossi L, Pennelli N. Right ventricular cardiomyopathy and sudden death in young people. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:129–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrado D, Basso C, Thiene G. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Heart. 2000;83:588–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus FI. Prevalence of T-wave inversion beyond V1 in young normal individuals and usefulness for the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:1070–1.
   Google Scholar
• Steffel J, Kobza R, Namdar M, Wolber T, Brunckhorst C, Luscher TF, . Electrophysiological findings in patients with isolated left ventricular non-compaction. Europace. 2009;11:1193–200.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy RT, Thaman R, Blanes JG, Ward D, Sevdalis E, Papra E, . Natural history and familial characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:187–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oechslin EN, Attenhofer Jost CH, Rojas JR, Kaufmann PA, Jenni R. Long-term follow-up of 34 adults with isolated left ventricular noncompaction: a distinct cardiomyopathy with poor prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:493–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hookana E, Junttila MJ, Sarkioja T, Sormunen R, Niemela M, Raatikainen MJ, . Cardiac arrest and left ventricular fibrosis in a Finnish family with the lamin A/C mutation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:743–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein GJ, Yee R, Sharma AD. Longitudinal assessment of asymptomatic patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White Pattern. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1229–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milstein S, Sharma AD, Guiraudon GM, Klein GJ. An algorithm for the electrocardiographic localization of accessory pathways in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1987;10(3 Pt 1):555–63.
   Google Scholar
• Arruda MS, McClelland JH, Wang X, Beckman KJ, Widman LE, Gonzalez MD, . Development and validation of an ECG algorithm for identifying accessory pathway ablation site in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1998;9:2–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averill KH, Fosmoe RJ, Lamb LE. Electrocardiographic findings in 67,375 asymptomatic subjects. IV. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 1960;6:108–29.
   Google Scholar
• Munger TM, Packer DL, Hammill SC, Feldman BJ, Bailey KR, Ballard DJ, . A population study of the natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1953–1989. Circulation. 1993;87:866–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santinelli V, Radinovic A, Manguso F, Vicedomini G, Ciconte G, Gulletta S, . Asymptomatic ventricular preexcitation: a long-term prospective follow-up study of 293 adult patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2:102–7.
   Google Scholar
• Santinelli V, Radinovic A, Manguso F, Vicedomini G, Gulletta S, Paglino G, . The natural history of asymptomatic ventricular pre-excitation a long-term prospective follow-up study of 184 asymptomatic children. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:275–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haghjoo M, Kharazi A, Fazelifar AF, Alizadeh A, Emkanjoo Z, Sadr-Ameli MA. Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics of anteroseptal, midseptal, and posteroseptal accessory pathways. Heart Rhythm. 2007;4: 1411–9.
   Google Scholar
• Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, Michieli P, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA. 2006;296:1593–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jervell A, Lange-Nielsen F. Congenital deaf-mutism, functional heart disease with prolongation of the Q-T interval and sudden death. Am Heart J. 1957;54:59–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano C, Gemme G, Pongiglione R. Rare cardiac arrythmias of the pediatric age. II. Syncopal attacks due to paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation. (Presentation of 1st Case in Italian Pediatric Literature). Clin Pediatr (Bologna). 1963;45:656–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward OC. A new familial cardiac syndrome in children. J Ir Med Assoc. 1964;54:103–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz PJ, Moss AJ, Vincent GM, Crampton RS. Diagnostic criteria for the long QT syndrome. An update. Circulation. 1993;88:782–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rautaharju PM, Surawicz B, Gettes LS, Bailey JJ, Childers R, Deal BJ, . AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part IV: the ST segment, T and U waves, and the QT interval: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society. Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; American College of Cardiology Foundation; Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:982–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zareba W, Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ, Vincent GM, Robinson JL, Priori SG, . Influence of genotype on the clinical course of the long-QT syndrome. International Long-QT Syndrome Registry Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:960–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz PJ, Stramba-Badiale M, Crotti L, Pedrazzini M, Besana A, Bosi G, . Prevalence of the congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2009;120:1761–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tikkanen JT, Anttonen O, Junttila MJ, Aro AL, Kerola T, Rissanen HA, . Long-term outcome associated with early repolarization on electrocardiography. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2529–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Napolitano C, Bloise R, Ronchetti E, Grillo M, . Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1866–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roden DM. Clinical practice. Long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:169–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viskin S, Postema PG, Bhuiyan ZA, Rosso R, Kalman JM, Vohra JK, . The response of the QT interval to the brief tachycardia provoked by standing: a bedside test for diagnosing long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1955–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anttonen O, Junttila MJ, Rissanen H, Reunanen A, Viitasalo M, Huikuri HV. Prevalence and prognostic significance of short QT interval in a middle-aged Finnish population. Circulation. 2007;116:714–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobza R, Roos M, Niggli B, Abacherli R, Lupi GA, Frey F, . Prevalence of long and short QT in a young population of 41,767 predominantly male Swiss conscripts. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:652–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anttonen O, Junttila MJ, Maury P, Schimpf R, Wolpert C, Borggrefe M, . Differences in twelve-lead electrocardiogram between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects with short QT interval. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:267–71.
   Google Scholar
• Gollob MH, Redpath CJ, Roberts JD. The short QT syndrome: proposed diagnostic criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:802–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:1391–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, Brugada J, Brugada R, Corrado D, . Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Circulation. 2005;111:659–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veltmann C, Schimpf R, Echternach C, Eckardt L, Kuschyk J, Streitner F, . A prospective study on spontaneous fluctuations between diagnostic and non-diagnostic ECGs in Brugada syndrome: implications for correct phenotyping and risk stratification. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2544–52.
   Google Scholar
• Miyasaka Y, Tsuji H, Yamada K, Tokunaga S, Saito D, Imuro Y, . Prevalence and mortality of the Brugada-type electrocardiogram in one city in Japan. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:771–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuo K, Akahoshi M, Nakashima E, Suyama A, Seto S, Hayano M, . The prevalence, incidence and prognostic value of the Brugada-type electrocardiogram: a population-based study of four decades. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38: 765–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junttila MJ, Raatikainen MJ, Karjalainen J, Kauma H, Kesaniemi YA, Huikuri HV. Prevalence and prognosis of subjects with Brugada-type ECG pattern in a young and middle-aged Finnish population. Eur Heart J. 2004;25: 874–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida JS, Lemoine JL, Aoun FB, Jarry G, Rey JL, Quiret JC. Prevalence of the brugada syndrome in an apparently healthy population. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:91–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probst V, Veltmann C, Eckardt L, Meregalli PG, Gaita F, Tan HL, . Long-term prognosis of patients diagnosed with Brugada syndrome: Results from the FINGER Brugada Syndrome Registry. Circulation. 2010;121: 635–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junttila MJ, Brugada P, Hong K, Lizotte E, DE Zutter M, Sarkozy A, . Differences in 12-lead electrocardiogram between symptomatic and asymptomatic Brugada syndrome patients. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19: 380–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junttila MJ, Gonzalez M, Lizotte E, Benito B, Vernooy K, Sarkozy A, . Induced Brugada-type electrocardiogram, a sign for imminent malignant arrhythmias. Circulation. 2008;117:1890–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leenhardt A, Lucet V, Denjoy I, Grau F, Ngoc DD, Coumel P. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in children. A 7-year follow-up of 21 patients. Circulation. 1995;91:1512–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed U, Napolitano C, Priori SG. Molecular and electrophysiological bases of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18:791–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumitomo N, Harada K, Nagashima M, Yasuda T, Nakamura Y, Aragaki Y, . Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: electrocardiographic characteristics and optimal therapeutic strategies to prevent sudden death. Heart. 2003;89:66–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postma AV, Denjoy I, Kamblock J, Alders M, Lupoglazoff JM, Vaksmann G, . Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: RYR2 mutations, bradycardia, and follow up of the patients. J Med Genet. 2005;42: 863–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haissaguerre M, Derval N, Sacher F, Jesel L, Deisenhofer I, de Roy L, . Sudden cardiac arrest associated with early repolarization. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2016–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinner MF, Reinhard W, Muller M, Beckmann BM, Martens E, Perz S, . Association of early repolarization pattern on ECG with risk of cardiac and all-cause mortality: a population-based prospective cohort study (MONICA/KORA). PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado DB, Crow RS, Boland LL, Hannan PJ, Taylor HA Jr, Folsom AR. Electrocardiographic findings and incident coronary heart disease among participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:1176–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreger BE, Cupples LA, Kannel WB. The electrocardiogram in prediction of sudden death: Framingham Study experience. Am Heart J. 1987;113(2 Pt 1):377–82.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson P, Wilhelmsen L, Rosengren A. Bundle-branch block in middle-aged men: risk of complications and death over 28 years. The Primary Prevention Study in Goteborg, Sweden. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:2300–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algra A, Tijssen JG, Roelandt JR, Pool J, Lubsen J. QTc prolongation measured by standard 12-lead electrocardiography is an independent risk factor for sudden death due to cardiac arrest. Circulation. 1991;83:1888–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller WL, Ballman KV, Hodge DO, Rodeheffer RJ, Hammill SC. Risk factor implications of incidentally discovered uncomplicated bundle branch block. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80:1585–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Straus SM, Kors JA, De Bruin ML, van der Hooft CS, Hofman A, Heeringa J, . Prolonged QTc interval and risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:362–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan JM, Vander Zwaag RV, el-Zeky F, Ramanathan KB, Mirvis DM. Left ventricular hypertrophy: effect on survival. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:508–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyto V, Saraste A, Voipio-Pulkki LM, Saukko P. Incidence of fatal myocarditis: a population-based study in Finland. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165:570–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar