Two barriers for sodium in vascular endothelium?

References

• Fleming I, Busse R. Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003;284:R1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fels J, Callies C, Kusche-Vihrog K, Oberleithner H. Nitric oxide release follows endothelial nanomechanics and not vice versa. Pflugers Arch. 2010;460:419–23.
   Google Scholar
• Jonas M, So PT, Huang H. Cell mechanics at multiple scales. Methods Enzymol. 2008;443:177–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kliche K, Jeggle P, Pavenstadt H, Oberleithner H. Role of cellular mechanics in the function and life span of vascular endothelium. Pflugers Arch. 2011;462:209–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bussemaker E, Hillebrand U, Hausberg M, Pavenstadt H, Oberleithner H. Pathogenesis of hypertension: interactions among sodium, potassium, and aldosterone. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55:1111–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binnig G, Quate CF, Gerber C. Atomic force microscope. Phys Rev Lett. 1986;56:930–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasas S, Dietler G. Probing nanomechanical properties from biomolecules to living cells. Pflugers Arch. 2008;456: 13–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oberleithner H, Callies C, Kusche-Vihrog K, Schillers H, Shahin V, Riethmuller C, . Potassium softens vascular endothelium and increases nitric oxide release. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:2829–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radmacher M. Measuring the elastic properties of biological samples with the AFM [see comments]. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 1997;16:47–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meneton P, Jeunemaitre X, de Wardener HE, MacGregor GA. Links between dietary salt intake, renal salt handling, blood pressure, and cardiovascular diseases. Physiol Rev. 2005;85:679–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2007;356: 1966–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funder JW. Mineralocorticoid receptors and cardiovascular damage: it's not just aldosterone. Hypertension. 2006;47: 634–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He FJ, Marciniak M, Markandu ND, Antonios TF, MacGregor GA. Effect of modest salt reduction on skin capillary rarefaction in white, black, and Asian individuals with mild hypertension. Hypertension. 2010;56:253–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ritz E. Salt—friend or foe? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:2052–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanders PW. Vascular consequences of dietary salt intake. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009;297:F237–43.
   Google Scholar
• Lang F. Stiff endothelial cell syndrome in vascular inflammation and mineralocorticoid excess. Hypertension. 2011;57: 146–7.
   Google Scholar
• Kusche-Vihrog K, Urbanova K, Blanque A, Wilhelmi M, Schillers H, Kliche K, . C-reactive protein makes human endothelium stiff and tight. Hypertension. 2011;57:231–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titze J, Lang R, Ilies C, Schwind KH, Kirsch KA, Dietsch P, . Osmotically inactive skin Na+ storage in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003;285:F1108–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titze J, Machnik A. Sodium sensing in the interstitium and relationship to hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2010;19:385–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams JM, Bardgett ME, Stocker SD. Ventral lamina terminalis mediates enhanced cardiovascular responses of rostral ventrolateral medulla neurons during increased dietary salt. Hypertension. 2009;54:308–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He FJ, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, de Wardener HE, MacGregor GA. Plasma sodium: ignored and underestimated. Hypertension. 2005;45:98–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberleithner H, Riethmuller C, Schillers H, MacGregor GA, de Wardener HE, Hausberg M. Plasma sodium stiffens vascular endothelium and reduces nitric oxide release. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:16281–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Satchell SC, Neal CR, McKenzie EA, Tooke JE, Mathieson PW. Glomerular endothelial glycocalyx constitutes a barrier to protein permeability. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2885–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanTeeffelen JW, Brands J, Jansen C, Spaan JA, Vink H. Heparin impairs glycocalyx barrier properties and attenuates shear dependent vasodilation in mice. Hypertension. 2007;50:261–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinbaum S, Zhang X, Han Y, Vink H, Cowin SC. Mechanotransduction and flow across the endothelial glycocalyx. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:7988–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarbell JM, Ebong EE. The endothelial glycocalyx: a mechano-sensor and -transducer. Sci Signal. 2008;1:pt8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwdorp M, Meuwese MC, Vink H, Hoekstra JB, Kastelein JJ, Stroes ES. The endothelial glycocalyx: a potential barrier between health and vascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2005;16:507–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chappell D, Westphal M, Jacob M. The impact of the glycocalyx on microcirculatory oxygen distribution in critical illness. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009;22:155–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel G, Walter A, Kauschmann A, Malmsten M, Buddecke E. Anionic biopolymers as blood flow sensors. Biosens Bioelectron. 1996;11:281–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bevan JA. Flow regulation of vascular tone. Its sensitivity to changes in sodium and calcium. Hypertension. 1993;22: 273–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberleithner H, Peters W, Kusche-Vihrog K, Korte S, Schillers H, Kliche K, . Salt overload damages the glycocalyx sodium barrier of vascular endothelium. Pflugers Arch. 2011;462:519–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusche-Vihrog K, Sobczak K, Bangel N, Wilhelmi M, Nechyporuk-Zloy V, Schwab A, . Aldosterone and amiloride alter ENaC abundance in vascular endothelium. Pflugers Arch. 2008;455:849–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golestaneh N, Klein C, Valamanesh F, Suarez G, Agarwal MK, Mirshahi M. Mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated signaling regulates the ion gated sodium channel in vascular endothelial cells and requires an intact cytoskeleton. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280:1300–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen W, Valamanesh F, Mirshahi T, Soria J, Tang R, Agarwal MK, . Aldosterone signaling modifies capillary formation by human bone marrow endothelial cells. Vascul Pharmacol. 2004;40:269–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pries AR, Secomb TW, Gaehtgens P. The endothelial surface layer. Pflugers Arch. 2000;440:653–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter DR, Jiang J, Damiano ER. The recovery time course of the endothelial cell glycocalyx in vivo and its implications in vitro. Circ Res. 2009;104:1318–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chappell D, Jacob M, Paul O, Rehm M, Welsch U, Stoeckelhuber M, . The glycocalyx of the human umbilical vein endothelial cell: an impressive structure ex vivo but not in culture. Circ Res. 2009;104:1313–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korte S, Wiesinger A, Strater AS, Peters W, Oberleithner H, Kusche-Vihrog K. Firewall function of the endothelial glycocalyx in the regulation of sodium homeostasis. Pflugers Arch. 2012;463:269–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters W, Druppel V, Kusche-Vihrog K, Schubert C, Oberleithner H. Nanomechanics and sodium permeability of the endothelial surface layer modulated by hawthorn extract WS 1442. PLoS One. 2012;7:e29972.
   Google Scholar
• Le GA, Gavard J. Role of endothelial cell-cell junctions in endothelial permeability. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;763: 265–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Komarova Y, Malik AB. Regulation of endothelial permeability via paracellular and transcellular transport pathways. Annu Rev Physiol. 2010;72:463–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker BF, Chappell D, Jacob M. Endothelial glycocalyx and coronary vascular permeability: the fringe benefit. Basic Res Cardiol. 2010;105:687–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waanders F, de Vries LV, van GH, Hillebrands JL, Laverman GD, Bakker SJ, . Aldosterone, from (patho)physiology to treatment in cardiovascular and renal damage. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2011;9:594–605.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar