435
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

A change in paradigm: Lowering blood pressure in everyone over a certain age

Pages S30-S35 | Received 24 Oct 2011, Accepted 18 Apr 2012, Published online: 19 Jun 2012

References

  • MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J, . Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1. Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet. 1990;355:765–74.
  • Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903–13.
  • Law MR, Wald NJ. Risk factor thresholds: their existence under scrutiny. BMJ. 2002;324:1570–6.
  • Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ. 2009;338: b1665.
  • Verdecchia P, Staessen JA, de Simone G, Achilli A, Ganau A, Mureddu G, . Usual versus tight control of systolic blood pressure in non-diabetic patients with hypertension (Cardio-Sis): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2009; 374:525–33.
  • Asselbergs FW, Diercks GFH, Hillege HL, van Boven AJ, Janssen WMT, Voors AA, .; for the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease Intervention Trial (PREVENDIT) Investigators. Effects of fosinopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria. Circulation. 2004;110:2809–16.
  • Neaton JD, Grimm RH, Prineas RJ, Stamler J, Grandits GA, Elmer PJ, .; for the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) Research Group. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study. JAMA. 1993;270:713–24.
  • ; ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Diabetes) Study GroupCushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Grimm RH Jr, Cutler JA, . Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1575–85.
  • Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Esler A, Mehler P. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes (the second Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes (ABCD-2) trial). Kidney Int. 2002;61:1086–97.
  • ; NAVIGATOR (Nateglinide and Valsartan in Impaired Glucose Tolerance Outcomes Research) Study GroupMcMurray JJ, Holman RR, Haffner SM, Bethel MA, Holzhauer B, Hua TA, . Effect of valsartan on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2010;362: 1477–90.
  • ; DREAM (Diabetes Reduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication) InvestigatorsBosch J, Yusuf S, Gerstein HC, Pogue J, Sheridan P, Dagenais G, . Effect of ramipril on the incidence of diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1551–62.
  • Luders S, Schrader J, Berger J, Unger T, Zidek W, Bohm M, . The PHARAO study: prevention of hypertension with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in patients with high-normal blood pressure: a prospective, randomized, controlled prevention trial of the German Hypertension League. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1487–96.
  • Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ. 2003:326: 1427–31.
  • Wald NJ, Law MR. A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. BMJ. 2003;326:1419–23.
  • Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, . Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358: 1887–98.
  • Wald N, Simmonds M, Morris J. Screening for future cardiovascular disease using age alone compared with multiple risk factors and age. PLoS One. 2011;6:e18742

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.