Physical activity and dementia: Long-term follow-up study of adult twins

References

• Laurin D, Verrault R, Lindsay J, MacPherson K, Rockwood K. Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:498–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson EB, Wang L, Bowen JD, McCormick WC, Teri L, Crane P, et al. Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumic A, Michael YL, Carlson NE, Howieson DB, Kaye JA. Physical activity and the risk of dementia in oldest old. J Aging Health. 2007;19:242–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podewils LJ, Guallar E, Kuller LH, Fried LP, Lopez OL, Carlson M, et al. Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 161:639–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott RD, White LR, Ross GW, Masaki KH, Curb JD, Petrovitch H. Walking and dementia in physically capable elderly men. JAMA. 2004;292:1447–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weuve J, Kang JH, Manson JE, Breteler MM, Ware JH, Grodstein F. Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women. JAMA. 2004;292:1454–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaffe K, Barnes D, Nevitt M, Lui LY, Covinsky K. A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women who walk. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1703–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchman AS, Boyle PA, Yu L, Shah RC, Wilson RS, Bennett DA. Total daily physical activity and the risk of AD and cognitive decline in older adults. Neurology. 2012;78:1323–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Schupf N, Brickman AM, Cosentino S, Tang MX, et al. Physical activity, diet, and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2009;302:627–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovio S, Kåreholt I, Helkala EL, Viitanen M, Winblad B, Tuomilehto J, et al. Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:705–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang M, Jonsson PV, Snaedal J, Bjornsson S, Saczynski JS, Aspelund T, et al. The effect of midlife physical activity on cognitive function among older adults: AGES-Reykjavik Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65:1369–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Q, Townsend MK, Okereke OI, Franco OH, Hu FB, Grodstein F. Physical activity at midlife in relation to successful survival in women at age 70 years or older. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170:194–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Virta JJ, Heikkilä K, Perola M, Koskenvuo M, Räihä I, Rinne JO, et al. Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and late cognitive impairment. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013;28:405–16.
   Google Scholar
• Tolppanen AM, Solomon A, Kulmala J, Kåreholt I, Ngandu T, Rusanen M, et al. Leisure-time physical activity from mid- to late life, body mass index, and risk of dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2014 Apr 7. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• de Bruijn RF, Schrijvers EM, de Groot KA, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Franco OH, et al. The association between physical activity and dementia in an elderly population: the Rotterdam Study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013;28:277–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho SC, Woo J, Sham A, Chan SG, Yu AL. A 3-year follow-up study of social, lifestyle and health predictors of cognitive impairment in a Chinese older cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:1389–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taaffe DR, Irie F, Masaki KH, Abbott RD, Petrovich H, Ross GW, et al. Physical activity, physical function, and incident dementia in elderly men: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63:529–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verghese J, Lipton RB, Katz MJ, Hall CB, Derby CA, Kuslansky G, et al. Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2508–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JY, Zhou DH, Li J, Zhang M, Deng J, Tang M, et al. Leisure activity and risk of cognitive impairment: the Chongqing aging study. Neurology. 2006;66:911–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson RS, Bennett DA, Bienias JL, Aggarwal NT, Mendes De Leon CF, Morris MC, et al. Cognitive activity and incident AD in a population-based sample of older persons. Neurology. 2002;59:1910–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson MC, Helms MJ, Steffens DC, Burke JR, Potter GG, Plassman BL. Midlife activity predicts risk of dementia in older male twin pairs. Alzheimers Dement. 2008;4:324–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofi F, Valecchi D, Bacci D, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, et al. Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Intern Med. 2011;269:107–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshitake T, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Ohmura T, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, et al. Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Neurology. 1995;45:1161–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andel R, Crowe M, Pedersen NL, Fratiglioni L, Johansson B, Gatz M. Physical exercise at midlife and risk of dementia three decades later: a population-based study of Swedish twins. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63:62–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin RJ, Fagan AM, Holtzham DM. Multimodal techniques for diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nature. 2009;461:916–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exalto LG, Quesenberry CP, Barnes D, Kivipelto M, Biessels GJ, Whitmer RA. Midlife risk score for the prediction of dementia four decades later. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10:562–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, Hänninen T, Hallikainen M, Alhainen K, et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study. BMJ. 2001; 322:1447–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand BH, Langballe EM, Hjellvik V, Handal M, Næss O, Knudsen GP, et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and their association with dementia deaths: results from a Norwegian prospective study followed up for 35 years. J Neurol Sci. 2013;324:124–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolppanen AM, Solomon A, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease: evidence from epidemiological studies. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;32:531–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kåreholt I, Lennartsson C, Gatz M, Parker MG. Baseline leisure time activity and cognition more than two decades later. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26:65–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Cooper H, Strauman TA, Welsh-Bohmer K, et al. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2010;72:239–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyn P, Abreu BC, Ottenbacher KJ. The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:1694–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daviglus ML, Plassman BL, Pirzada A, Bell CC, Bowen PE, Burke JR, et al. Risk factors and preventive interventions for Alzheimer disease: state of science. Arch Neurol. 2011;68:1185–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore-Harrison D, Lightfoot JT. Driven to be inactive? The genetics of physical activity. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2010;94:271–90.
   Google Scholar
• de Geus EJ, Bartels M, Kaprio J, Lightfoot JT, Thomis M. Genetics of regular exercise and sedentary behaviors. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2014;17:262–71.
   Google Scholar
• Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. Genetic and environmental factors in complex diseases: the Older Finnish Twin Cohort. Twin Res. 2002;5:358–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaprio J. The Finnish Twin Cohort Study: an update. Twin Res. 2013;16:157–62.
   Google Scholar
• Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. Modifiable risk factors as predictors of all-cause mortality: the roles of genetics and childhood environment. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:985–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Sarna S, Koskenvuo M. Relationship of leisure-time physical activity and mortality: the Finnish twin cohort. JAMA. 1998;279:440–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller K, Kaprio J, Kujala UM. Associations between long-term physical activity, waist circumference and weight gain: a 30-year longitudinal twin study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:353–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silventoinen K, Kaprio J, Lahelma E. Genetic and environmental contributions to the association between body height and educational attainment: a study of adult Finnish twins. Behav Genet. 2000; 30:477–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virta JJ, Heikkilä K, Perola M, Koskenvuo M, Räihä I, Rinne JO, et al. Midlife sleep characteristics associated with late life cognitive function. Sleep. 2013;36:1533–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Langinvainio H, Romanov K, Sarna S, Rose RJ. Genetic influences on use and abuse of alcohol: a study of 5638 adult Finnish twin brothers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1987;11:349–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. A prospective study of psychological and socioeconomic characteristics, health behavior and morbidity in cigarette smokers prior to quitting compared to persistent smokers and non-smokers. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41:139–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernelahti M, Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Karjalainen J, Sarna S. Hypertension in master endurance athletes. J Hypertens. 1998;16:1573–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haapanen N, Miilunpalo S, Pasanen M, Oja P, Vuori I. Agreement between questionnaire data and medical records of chronic diseases in middle-aged and elderly Finnish men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145:762–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oksanen T, Kivimäki M, Pentti J, Virtanen M, Klaukka T, Vahtera J. Self-report as an indicator of incident disease. Ann Epidemiol. 2010;20:547–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarna S, Kaprio J, Sistonen P, Koskenvuo M. Diagnosis of twin zygosity by mailed questionnaire. Hum Hered. 1978;28:241–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose RJ, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J, Sarna S, Langinvainio H. Shared genes, shared experiences, and similarity of personality: data from 14 288 adult Finnish co-twins. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54:161–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller K, Kaprio J, Lehtovirta M, Silventoinen K, Koskenvuo M, Kujala UM. Leisure-time physical activity and type 2 diabetes during a 28 year follow-up in twins. Diabetologia. 2010;53:2531–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blondell SJ, Hammersley-Mather R, Veerman JL. Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamer M, Chida Y. Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychol Med. 2009;39:3–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Y, Back JH, Kim J, Kim SH, Na DL, Cheong HK, et al. Systematic review of health behavioral risks and cognitive health in older adults. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22:174–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelli DM, Hillman CH, Buck SM, Erwin HE. Physical fitness and academic achievement in third- and fifth-grade students. J Sports Exercise Psychol. 2007;29:239–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomitz VR, Slining MM, McGowan RJ, Mitchell SE, Dawson GF, Hacker KA. Is there a relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement? Positive results from public school children in the northeastern United States. J Sch Health. 2009;79:30–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley B, Etnier J. The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2003; 15:243–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustelin L, Silventoinen K, Pietiläinen K, Rissanen A, Kaprio J. Physical activity reduces the influence of genetic effects on BMI and waist circumference: a study in young adult twins. Int J Obes. 2009; 33:29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartiainen E, Seppälä T, Lillsunde P, Puska P. Validation of self reported smoking by serum cotinine measurement in a community-based study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56:167–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar