Age-related cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment or preclinical Alzheimer's disease?

References

• Soininen H, Scheltens P. Early diagnostic indices for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Med 1998; 30: 553–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black S. The search for diagnostic and progression markers in AD: so near but still too far. Neurology 1999; 52: 1533–4
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie K, Touchon J, Ledesert B, Leibovici D, Gorce A. Establishing the limits and characteristics of normal age-related cognitive decline. Rev Epidemiol Sunte Publique 1997; 45: 373–81
   Google Scholar
• Small S, Stern Y, Tang M, Mayeux R. Selective decline in memory function among healthy elderly. Neurology 1999; 52: 1392–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinnett E, Holen M. Assessment of memory functioning among an aging sample. Psychol Rep 1999; 84: 339–50
   Google Scholar
• Petersen R, Smith G, Kokmen E, Ivnik R, Tangalos E. Memory function in normal aging. Neurology 1992; 42: 396–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flicker C, Ferris S, Reisberg B. A two-year longitudinal study of cognitive function in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. J. Geriutr Psychiatry Neurol 1993; 6: 84–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howieson D, Dame A, Camicioli R, Sexton G, Payami H, Kaye J. Cognitive markers preceding Alzheimer's dementia in the healthy oldest old. J Am Geriutr Soc 1997; 45: 584–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin E, Storandt M, Miller J, Kinscherf D, Grant E, Morris J, et al. A prospective study of cognitive function and onset of dementia in cognitively healthy elders. Arch Neurol 1998; 55: 395–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letenneur L, Gilleron V, Commenges D, Helmer C, Orgogozo J, Dartigues J. Are sex and educational level independent predictors of dementia and Alzheimer's disease? Incidence data from the PAQUID project. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 66: 177–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linn R, Wolf P, Bachman D, Knoefel J, Cobb J, Belanger A, et al. The ‘preclinical phase’ of probable Alzheimer's disease. A 13–year prospective study of the Framingham cohort. Arch Neurol 1995; 52: 485–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dartigues J, Commenges D, Letenneur D, Barberger-Gateau P, Gilleron V, Fabrigoule C, et al. Cognitive predictors of dementia in elderly community residents. Neuroepidemiology 1997; 16: 29–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabrigoule C, Rouch I, Taberly A, Letenneur L, Commenges D, Mazaux J, et al. Cognitive process in preclinical phase of dementia. Bruin 1998; 121: 135–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coria F, Gornez de Caso J A, Minguez L, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Claveria L E. Prevalence of age-associated memory impairment and dementia in a rural community. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 973–6
   Google Scholar
• Graham J, Rockwood K, Beattie B, Eastwood R, Gauthier S, Tuokko H, et al. Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with and without dementia in an elderly population. Lancet 1997; 349: 1793–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korten A, Henderson A, Christensen H, Jorm A, Rodgers B, Jacomb P, et al. A prospective study of cognitive function in the elderly. Psychol Med 1997; 27: 919–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlitz A, Small B, Fratiglioni L, Almkvist O, Viitanen M, Backman L. Detection of mild dementia in community surveys. Is it possible to increase the accuracy of our diagnostic instruments. Arch Neurol 1997; 54: 319–24
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs D, Sano M, Dooneief G, Marder K, Bell K, Stern Y. Neuropsychological detection and characterization of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995; 45: 957–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almkvist O. Neuropsychological features of early Alzheimer's disease: preclinical and clinical stages. Actu Neurol Scund 1996; 165: 63–71
   Google Scholar
• Small B, Herlitz A, Fratiglioni L, Almkvist O, Backman L. Cognitive predictors of incident Alzheimer's disease: a prospective longitudinal study. Neuropsychology 1997; 11: 413–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox N, Warrington E, Seiffer A, Agnew S, Rossor M. Presymptomatic cognitive deficits in individuals at risk of familial Alzheimer's disease. A longitudinal prospective study. Bruin 1998; 121: 1631–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondi M, Salmon D, Galasko D, Thomas R, Thal L. Neuropsychological function and apolipoprotein E genotype in the preclinical detection of Alzheimer's disease. Psychol Aging 1999; 14: 295–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry R, Hodges J, Sinnett E, Holen M. Attention and executive deficits in Alzheimer's disease. A critical review. Assessment of memory functioning among an aging sample. Bruin Psychol Rep 1999; 122: 383–404
   Google Scholar
• Flicker C, Ferris S, Reisberg B. A longitudinal study of cognitive function in elderly persons with subjective memory complaints. J Am Geriutr Soc 1993; 41: 1029–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm A, Christensen H, Korten A, Henderson A, Jacomb P, Mackinnon A. Do cognitive complaints either predict future cognitive decline or reflect past cognitive decline? A longitudinal study of an elderly community sample. Psychol Med 1997; 27: 91–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmand B, Jonker C, Hooijer C, Lindeboom J. Subjective memory complaints may announce dementia. Neurology 1996; 46: 121–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield P, Jacobs D, Marder K, Sano M, Stern Y. The validity of new memory complaints in the elderly. Arch Neurol 1997; 54: 756–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield P, Marder K, Dooneief G, Jacobs D, Sano M, Stern Y. Association of subjective memory complaints with subsequent cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly individuals with baseline cognitive impairment. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 609–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dartigues J F, Fabrigoule C, Letenneur L, Amieva H, Thiessard F, Orgogozo J M. Epidemiology of memory disorders (in French). Thérapie 1997; 52: 503–6
   Google Scholar
• Crook T, Bartus R, Ferris S, Whitehouse P, Cohen G, Gershon S. Age-associated memory impairment: proposed diagnostic criteria and measures of clinical change-report of a National Institute of Mental Health work group. Dev Neuropsychol 1986; 2: 261–76
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackford R, La Rue A. Criteria for diagnosing age-associated memory impairment: proposed improvements from the field. Dev Neuropsychol 1989; 5: 295–306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1994
   Google Scholar
• Hänninen T, Soininen H. Age-associated memory impairment. Normal aging or warning of dementia. Drugs Aging 1997; 11: 480–9
   Google Scholar
• Schroder J, Kratz B, Pantel J, Minnemann E, Lehr U, Sauer H. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in an elderly community sample. J Neural Transm 1998; 54: 51–9
   Google Scholar
• Koivisto K, Reinikainen K, Hänninen T, Vanhanen M, Helkala E, Mykkänen L, et al. Prevalence of age-associated memory impairment in a randomly selected population from eastern Finland. Neurology 1995; 45: 741–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hänninen T, Koivisto K, Reinikainen K, Helkala E, Soininen H, Mykkanen L, et al. Prevalence of ageing-associated cognitive decline in an elderly population. Age Ageing 1996; 25: 201–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flicker C, Ferris S, Reisberg B. Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: predictors of dementia. Neurology 1991; 41: 1006–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen R, Smith G, Ivnik R, Tangalos E, Schaid D, Thibodeau S, et al. Apolipoprotein E status as a predictor of the development of Alzheimer's disease in memory-impaired individuals. JAMA 1995; 273: 1274–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tierney M, Szalai J, Snow W, Fisher R, Nores A, Nadon G, et al. Prediction of probable Alzheimer's disease in memory-impaired patients. A prospective longitudinal study. Neurology 1996; 46: 661–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leon M, Convit A, DeSanti S, Bobinski M, George A, Wisniewski H, et al. Contribution of structural neuroimaging to the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Int Psycho-geriatr 1997; 9: 183–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson K, Jones K, Holman B, Becker J, Spiers P, Satlin A, et al. Preclinical prediction of Alzheimer's disease using SPECT. Neurology 1998; 50: 1563–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen R, Smith G, Waring S, Ivnik R, Tangalos E, Kokmen E, et al. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 303–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack C J, Petersen R, Xu Y, O'Brien P, Smith G, Ivnik R, et al. Prediction of AD with MRI-based hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 1999; 52: 1397–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Revised 3rd edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1987
   Google Scholar
• Reisberg B, Ferris S, deLeon M, Crook T. The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 1136–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes C, Berg L, Danziger W, Coben L, Martin R. A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 140: 566–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein M, Folstein S, McHugh P. ‘Mini-mental state.’ A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiutr Res 1975; 12: 189–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattis S. Mental status examination for organic mental syndromes in the elderly patient. Geriatric psychiatry: a handbook for psychiatrists and primary care physicians, L Bellak, T Karasu. Grune and Stratton, New York, NY 1976; 77–101
   Google Scholar
• Hänninen T, Hallikainen M, Koivisto K, Helkala E, Reinikainen K, Soininen H, et al. A follow-up study of age-associated memory impairment neuropsychological predictors of dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 1007–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen H, Lolk A, Kragh-Sorensen P. Age-associated memory impairment-pathological memory decline or normal aging. Scad J Psychol 1998; 39: 33–7
   Google Scholar
• Bowen J, Teri L, Kukull W, McCormick W, McCurry S, Larson E. Progression to dementia in patients with isolated memory loss. Lancet 1997; 349: 763–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf H, Grunwald M, Ecke G, Zedlick D, Bettin S, Dannenberg C, et al. The prognosis of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly. J Neural Transm 1998; 54: 31–50
   Google Scholar
• Celsis P, Agniel A, Cardebat D, Demonet J, Ousset P, Puel M. Age related cognitive decline: a clinical entity? A longitudinal study of cerebral blood flow and memory performance. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 62: 601–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hänninen T, Hallikainen M, Koivisto K, Partanen K, Laakso M, Riekkinen P S, et al. Decline of frontal lobe functions in subjects with age-associated memory impairment. Neurology 1997; 48: 148–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulette C, Welsh-Bohmer K, Murray M, Saunders A, Mash D, McIntyre L. Neuropathological and neuropsychological changes in ‘normal’ aging evidence for preclinical Alzheimer disease in cognitively normal individuals. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998; 57: 1168–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arriagada P, Marzloff K, Hyman B. Distribution of Alzheirner-type pathologic changes in nondemented elderly individuals matches the pattern in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1992; 42: 1681–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West M. Regionally specific loss of neurons in the aging human hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging 1993; 14: 287–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simic G, Kostovic I, Winblad B, Bogdanovic N. Volume and number of neurons of the human hippocampal formation in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. J Comp Neurol 1997; 379: 482–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Isla T, Price J, McKeel D J, Morris J, Growdon J, Hyman B. Profound loss of layer II entorhinal cortex neurons occurs in very mild Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 4491–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison J, Hof P. Life and death of neurons in the aging brain. Science 1997; 278: 412–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1991; 82: 239–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack C J, Petersen R, Xu Y, Waring S, O'Brien P, Tangalos E, et al. Medial temporal atrophy on MRI in normal aging and very mild Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1997; 49: 786–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack C J, Petersen R, Xu Y, O'Brien P, Smith G, Ivnik R, et al. Rate of medial temporal lobe atrophy in typical aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1998; 51: 993–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiman E, Uecker A, Caselli R, Lewis S, Bandy D, deLeon M, et al. Hippocampal volumes in cognitively normal persons at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1998; 44: 288–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laakso M, Soininen H, Partanen K, Lehtovirta M, Hallikainen M, Hänninen T, et al. MRI of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease: sensitivity specificity, and analysis of the incorrectly classified subjects. Neurobiol Aging 1998; 19: 23–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheline Y, Sanghavi M, Mintun M, Gado M. Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 5034–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Convit A, De Leon M, Tarshish C, De Santi S, Tsui W, Rusinek H, et al. Specific hippocampal volume reductions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1997; 18: 131–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juottonen K, Laakso M, Insausti R, Lehtovirta M, Pitkhen A, Partanen K, et al. Volumes of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1998; 19: 15–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mori E, Yoneda Y, Yamashita H, Hirono N, Ikeda M, Yamadori A. Medial temporal structures relate to memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: an MRI volumetric study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 63: 214–21
   Google Scholar
• Kohler S, Black S, Sinden M, Szekely C, Kidron D, Parker J, et al. Memory impairments associated with hippocampal versus parahippocampal gyrus atrophy: an MR volumetry study in Alzheimer's. Neuropsychologia 1998; 36: 901–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soininen H, Partanen K, Pitkänen A, Vainio P, Hänninen T, Hallikainen M, et al. Volumetric MRI analysis of the amygdala and the hippocampus in subjects with age-associated memory impairment: correlation to visual and verbal memory. Neurology 1994; 44: 1660–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petit-Taboui M, Landeau B, Desson J, Desgranges B, Baron J. Effects of healthy aging on the regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose assessed with statistical parametric mapping. Neuroimage 1998; 7: 176–84
   Google Scholar
• Jagust W. Functional imaging patterns in Alzheimer's disease. Relationships to neurobiology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 777: 30–6
   Google Scholar
• Ibanez V, Pietrini P, Alexander G, Furey M, Teichberg D, Rajapakse J, et al. Regional glucose metabolic abnormalities are not the result of atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1998; 50: 1585–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cekis P, Agniel A, Puel M, Demonet J, Rascol A, Marc-Vergnes J P. Hemodynamic subtypes of dementia of the Alzheimer type: Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics. Imaging, cerebral topography and Alzheimer's disease, S R Rapoport, H Petit, D Leys, Y Christen. Springer Verlag, HeidelbergGermany 1990; 145–57
   Google Scholar
• Haxby J, Grady C, Koss E, Horwitz B, Heston L, Schapiro M, et al. Longitudinal study of cerebral metabolic asymmetries and associated neuropsychological patterns in early dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 753–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Desgranges B, Baron J, de la Sayette V, Petit-Taboue M, Benali K, Landeau B, et al. The neural substrates of memory systems impairment in Alzheimer's disease. A PET study of resting brain glucose utilization. Bruin 1998; 121: 611–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small G, Mazziotta J, Collins M, Baxter L, Phelps M, Mandelkern M, et al. Apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and cerebral glucose metabolism in relatives at risk for familial Alzheimer disease. JAMA 1995; 273: 22–9
   Google Scholar
• Small G, La Rue A, Komo S, Kaplan A, Mandelkern M. Predictors of cognitive change in middle-aged and older adults with memory loss. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1757–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berent S, Giordani B, Foster N, Minoshima S, Lajiness-O'Neill R, Koeppe R, et al. Neuropsychological function and cerebral glucose utilization in isolated memory impairment and Alzheimer's disease. J Psychiatr Res 1999; 33: 7–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKelvey R, Bergman H, Stern J, Rush C, Zahirney G, Chertkow H. Lack of prognostic significance of SPECT abnormalities in non-demented elderly subjects with memory loss. Can J Neurol Sci 1999; 26: 23–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gabrieli J, Brewer J, Desmond J, Glover G. Separate neural bases of two fundamental memory processes in the human medial temporal lobe. Science 1997; 276: 264–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady C, McIntosh A, Honvitz B, Maisog J, Ungerleider L, Mentis M, et al. Age-related reductions in human recognition memory due to impaired encoding. Science 1995; 269: 218–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardebat D, Demonet J, Puel M, Agniel A, Viallard G, Celsis P. Brain correlates of memory processes in patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type: a SPECT activation study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998; 18: 457–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Small S, Perera G, DeLaPaz R, Mayeux R, Stem Y. Differential regional dysfunction of the hippocampal formation among elderly with memory decline and Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1999; 45: 466–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corder E, Saunders A, Strittmatter W, Schmechel D, Gaskell P, Small G, et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 1993; 261: 921–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staehelin H, Perrig-Chiello P, Mitrache C, Miserez A, Perrig W. Apolipoprotein E genotypes and cognitive functions in healthy elderly persons. Acta Neurol Scand 1999; 100: 53–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caselli R, Graff-Radford N, Reiman E, Weaver A, Osborne D, Lucas J, et al. Preclinical memory decline in cognitively normal apolipoprotein E epsilon4 homozygotes. Neurology 1999; 53: 201–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traykov L, Rigaud A, Caputo L, Couderc R, Coste J, Michot J, et al. Apolipoprotein E phenotypes in demented and cognitively impaired patients with and without cerebro-vascular disease. Eur J Neurol 1999; 6: 415–21
   Google Scholar
• Growdon J. Biomarkers of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 281–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galasko D. Cerebrospinal fluid opens a window on Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 655–6
   Google Scholar
• Kanai M, Matsubara E, Isoe K, Urakami K, Nakashima K, Arai H, et al. Longitudinal study of cerebrospinal fluid levels of tau, A beta 1–40 and A beta 1–42(43) in Alzheimer's disease: a study in Japan. Ann Neurol 1998; 44: 17–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen N, Minthon L, Clarberg A, Davidsson P, Gottfries J, Vanmechelen E, et al. Sensitivity, specificity, and stability of CSF-tau in AD in a community based patient sample. Neurology 1999; 53: 1488–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunderland T, Wolozin B, Galasko D, Levy J, Dukoff R, Bahro M, et al. Longitudinal stability of CSF tau levels in Alzheimer patients. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 750–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hock C, Golombowski S, Muller-Spahn F, Naser W, Beyreuther K, Monning U, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid beta-peptide in Alzheimer's disease and major depression - inverse correlation with dementia severity. Eur Neurol 1998; 39: 111–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen M, Schroder J, Blomberg M, Engvall B, Pantel J, Ida N, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid A beta42 is increased early in sporadic Alzheimer's disease and declines with disease progression. Ann Neurol 1999; 45: 504–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen N, Hesse C, Davidsson P, Minthon L, Wallin A, Winblad B, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid(1–42) in Alzheimer disease differences between early- and late-onset Alzheimer disease and stability during the course of disease. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 673–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulstaert F, Blennow K, Ivanoiu A, Schoondenvaldt H, Riemenschneider M, De Deyn P, et al. Improved discrimination of AD patients using beta-amyloid(1–42) and tau levels in CSF. Neurology 1999; 52: 1555–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar