References
- Tappel A L. Vitamin E and selenium protection from in vivo, lipid peroxidation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980; 355: 18–29
- Ames B N. Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens. Science 1983; 221: 1256–64
- Shklar G. Oral mucosal carcinogenesis in hamsters: inhibition by vitamin E. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982; 68: 791–7
- Davidson J R. An attempt to inhibit the development of tar-carcinoma in mice. Can Med Assoc J 1934; 31: 486–7
- Jaffe W G. The influence of wheat germ oil on the production of tumors in rats by methylcholanthrene. Exp Med Surg 1946; 4: 278–82
- Telford I R. The effect of hypo-and hyper-vitaminosis E on lung tumor growth in mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1949; 52: 132–4
- Haddow A, Russell H. The influence of wheat germ oil in the diet on the induction of tumours in mice. Am J Cancer 1937; 29: 363–6
- Mergens W J. Efficacy of vitamin E to prevent nitrosamine formation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982; 393: 61–9
- Mirvish S S. Effects of vitamins C and E on N-nitroso compound formation, carcinogenesis, and cancer. Cancer 1986; 58(suppl)1842–50
- Chen L H., Boissonneault G A., Glauert H P. Vitamin C, vitamin E and cancer [Review]. Anticancer Research 1988; 8: 739–48
- Birt D F. Update on the effects of vitamins A, C, and E and selenium on carcinogenesis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1986; 183: 311–20
- Shamberger R J. Chemoprevention of cancer. Diet, nutrition and cancer: a critical evaluation, B S. Reddy, L A. Cohen. CRC, Boca Raton, FL 1986; Vol. 2: 43–62
- Knekt P. Serum alpha-tocopherol and the risk of cancer. Publications of the Social Insurance Institution. ML: 83, Social Insurance Institution, Helsinki 1988; 1–148
- Mergens W J., Bhagavan H N. Alpha-tocopherols (vitamin E). Nutrition and cancer prevention, T E. Moon, M S. Micozzi. Marcel Dekker, New York 1989; 305–40
- Harman D. Dimethylbenzanthracene induced cancer. Inhibiting effect of dietary vitamin E. Clin Res 1969; 17: 125
- Wattenberg L W. Inhibition of carcinogenic and toxic effects of polycyclic hydrocarbons by phenolic antioxidants and ethoxyquin. J Natl Cancer Inst 1972; 48: 1425–30
- Lee C, Chen C. Enhancement of mammary tumorigenesis in rats by vitamin E deficiency. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1979; 20: 132
- Wang Y-M, Howell S K., Kimball J C., Tsai C C., Sato J, Gleiser C A. Alpha-tocopherol as a potential modifier of daunomycin carcinogenicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Molecular interrelations of nutrition and cancer, M S. Arnott, J van Eys, Y-M Wang. Raven Press, New York 1982; 369–79
- Horvath P M., Ip C. Synergistic effect of vitamin E and selenium in the chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Res 1983; 43: 5335–41
- King M M., McCay P B. Modulation of tumor incidence and possible mechanisms of inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis by dietary antioxidants. Cancer Res 1983; 43(suppl)2485s–90s
- Hirose M, Masuda A, Inoue T, Fukushima S, Ito N. Modification by antioxidants and p,p'-diaminodiphenylmethane of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced carcinogenesis of the mammary gland and ear duct in CD rats. Carcinogenesis 1986; 7: 1155–9
- McCay P B., King M M., Pitha J V. Evidence that the effectiveness of antioxidants as inhibitors of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors is a function of dietary fat composition. Cancer Res 1981; 41: 3745–8
- Dayton S, Hashimoto S, Wollman J. Effect of high-oleic and high-linoleic safflower oils on mammary tumors induced in rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene. J Nutrition 1977; 107: 1353–60
- Ip C. Dietary vitamin E intake and mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 1982; 3: 1453–6
- Ip C. Vitamin E potentiates the prophylatic effect of selenium in chemically-induced mammary tumorigenesis [Abstract 273]. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1982; 23: 70
- Ip C. Attenuation of the anticarcinogenic action of selenium by vitamin E deficiency. Cancer Lett 1985; 25: 325–31
- Ip C. Feasibility of using lower doses of chemopreventive agents in a combination regimen for cancer protection. Cancer Lett 1988; 39: 239–46
- Cook M G., McNamara P. Effect of dietary E on dimethyl-hydrazine-induced colonic tumors in mice. Cancer Res 1980; 40: 1329–31
- Chester J F., Gaissert H A., Ross J S., Malt R A., Weitzman S A. Augmentation of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer by experimental colitis in mice: role of dietary vitamin E. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 76: 939–42
- Sumiyoshl H. Effects of vitamin E deficiency on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in rats. Hiroshima J Med Sci 1985; 34: 363–9
- Toth B, Patil K. Enhancing effect of vitamin E on murine intestinal tumorigenesis by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 70: 1107–11
- Temple N J., El-Khatib S M. Cabbage and vitamin E: their effect on colon tumor formation in mice. Cancer Lett 1987; 35: 71–7
- Reddy B S., Tanaka T. Interactions of selenium deficiency, vitamin E, polyunsaturated fat, and saturated fat on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 76: 1157–62
- Slater G, Kang J, Cohen G, Szporn A, Aufses A H., Jr. In vivo, ethane production in vitamin E-deficient rats with DMH-induced colon cancer. J Surg Oncol 1987; 36: 142–7
- Weerapradist W, Shklar G. Vitamin E inhibition of hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis: a gross, histologic, and ultrastructural study. Oral Surg 1982; 54: 304–12
- Odukoya O, Hawach F, Shklar G. Retardation of experimental oral cancer by topical vitamin E. Nutr Cancer 1984; 6: 98–104
- Trickier D, Shklar G. Prevention by vitamin E of experimental oral carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 78: 165–9
- Shklar G, Schwartz J, Trickier D P., Niukian K. Regression by vitamin E of experimental oral cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 78: 987–92
- Shamberger R J., Rudolph G. Protection against cocarcinogenesis by antioxidants. Experientia 1966; 22: 116
- Perchellet J-P, Owen M D., Posey T D., Orten D K., Schneider B A. Inhibitory effects of glutathione level-raising agents and D-alpha-tocopherol on ornithine decarboxylase induction and mouse skin tumor promotion by 12–0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Carcinogenesis 1985; 6: 567–73
- Shamberger R J. Relationship of selenium to cancer. I. Inhibitory effect of selenium on carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1970; 44: 931–36
- Slaga T J., Bracken W M. The effects of antioxidants on skin tumor initiation and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Cancer Res 1977; 37: 1631–5
- Perchellet J-P, Abney N L., Thomas R M., Guislain Y L., Perchellet E M. Effects of combined treatments with selenium, glutathione, and vitamin E on glutathione peroxidase activity, ornithine decarboxylase induction, and complete and multistage carcinogenesis on mouse skin. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 477–85
- Haber S L., Wissler R W. Effect of vitamin E and carcinogenicity of methylcholanthrene. Exp Biol Med 1962; 111: 774–5
- Bonmassar E, Dallavalle R, Giuliani G. Influsso della vitamina E e del gallato di propile sulla cancerogenesi da benzopirene nel topo. Arch Ital Patol Clin Tumori 1968; 11: 245–50
- Chan J T., Black H S. The mitigating effect of dietary antioxidants on chemically-induced carcinogenesis. Experientia 1978; 34: 110–1
- Kurek M P., Corwin L M. Vitamin E protection against tumor formation by transplanted murine sarcoma cells. Nutr Cancer 1982; 4: 128–39
- Epstein S S., Joshi S, Andrea J, Forsyth J, Mantel N. The null effect of antioxidants of the carcinogenicity of 3,4,9,10-dibenzpyrene to mice. Life Sci 1967; 6: 225–33
- Takahashi M, Furukawa F, Toyoda K, Sato H, Hasegawa R, Hayashi Y. Effects of four antioxidants on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine initiated gastric tumor development in rats. Cancer Lett 1986; 30: 161–8
- Ito N, Hirose M, Fukushima S, Tsuda H, Shirai T, Tatematsu M. Studies on antioxidants: their carcinogenic and modifying effects on chemical carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 1986; 24: 1071–82
- Swick R W., Baumann C A. Tocopherol in tumor tissues and effects of tocopherol on the development of liver tumors. Cancer Res 1951; 11: 948–53
- Masui T, Tsuda H, Inoue K, Ogiso T, Ito N. Inhibitory effects of ethoxyquin, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane and acetaminophen on rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Jpn J Cancer Res 1986; 77: 231–7
- Tamano S, Fukushima S, Shirai T, Hirose M, Ito N. Modification by alpha-tocopherol, propyl gallate and tertiary butylhydroquinone of urinary bladder carcinogenesis in Fischer 344 rats pretreated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Cancer Lett 1987; 35: 39–46
- Weisburger J H., Reddy B S., Hill P, Cohen L A., Wynder E L., Spingarn N E. Nutrition and cancer—on the mechanisms bearing on causes of cancer of the colon, breast, prostate, and stomach. Bull N Y Acad Med 1980; 56: 673–96
- Correa P, Cuello C, Fajardo L F., Haenszel W, Bolanos O, Ramirez de B. Diet and gastric cancer: nutrition survey in a high-risk area. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 70: 673–8
- Howson C P., Hiyama T, Wynder E L. The decline in gastric cancer: epidemiology of an unplanned triumph. Epidemiol Rev 1986; 8: 1–27
- Yang C S., Sun Y, Yang Q U., et al. Vitamin A and other deficiencies in Linxian, a high esophageal cancer incidence area in northern China. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984; 73: 1449–53
- Helden van P D., Beyers A D., Bester A J., Jaskiewicz K. Esophageal cancer: vitamin and lipotrope deficiencies in an at-risk South African population. Nutr Cancer 1987; 10: 247–55
- Tuyns A J., Riboli E, Doornbos G. Nutrition and cancer of the esophagus. Diet and human carcinogenesis, J V. Joossens, M J. Hill, J Geboers. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985; 71–9
- Risch H A., Jain M, Choi N W., et al. Dietary factors and the incidence of cancer of the stomach. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 122: 947–59
- Graham S, Marshall J, Haughey B, et al. Dietary epidemiology of cancer of the colon in western New York. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128: 490–503
- Byers T E., Graham S, Haughey B P., Marshall J R., Swanson M K. Diet and lung cancer risk: findings from the Western New York Diet Study. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 125: 351–63
- Lopez S A., LeGardeur B Y. Vitamins A, C, and E in relation to lung cancer incidence [Abstract]. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35: 851
- Stryker W S., Stampfer M J., Stein E V., et al. Diet, plasma levels of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol and risk of malignant melanoma [Abstract]. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128: 889–90
- Gerber M, Cavallo F, Murubini E, et al. Liposoluble vitamins and lipid parameters in breast cancer. A joint study in northern Italy and southern France. Int J Cancer 1988; 42: 489–94
- Toniolo P, Riboll E, Protta F, Charrel M, Cappa A PM. Calorie-providing nutrients and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 278–86
- Davies T, Kelleher J, Losowsky M S. Interrelation of serum lipoprotein and tocopherol levels. Clin Chim Acta 1969; 24: 431–6
- Willett W C., Stampfer M J., Underwood B A., Taylor J O., Hennekens C H. Vitamins A, E, and carotene: effects of supplementation on their plasma levels. Am J Clin Nutr 1983; 38: 559–66
- Knekt P, Seppänen R, Aaran R K. Determinants of serum alpha-tocopherol in Finnish adults. Prev Med 1988; 17: 725–35
- Stryker W S., Kaplan L A., Stein E A., Stampfer M J., Sober A, Willett W C. The relation of diet, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption to plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol levels. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 127: 283–96
- Vitamin E: a comprehensive treatise, L J. Machlin. Marcel Dekker, New York 1980
- Miyamoto H, Araya Y, Ito M, et al. Serum selenium and vitamin E concentrations in families of lung cancer patients. Cancer 1987; 60: 1159–62
- Yeum K J., Lee-Kim Y C., Lee K Y., Kim B S., Russell R M. The serum levels of retinol, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol of cancer patients in Korea [Abstract]. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Nutrition, Seoul. 1989; 665
- Atukorala S, Basu T K., Dickerson J WT, Donaldson D, Sakula A. Vitamin A, zinc and lung cancer. Br J Cancer 1979; 40: 927–31
- Krishnamurthy S, Jaya S. Serum alpha-tocopherol, lipoperoxides, and ceruloplasmin and red cell glutathione and antioxidant enzymes in patients of oral cancer. Indian J Cancer 1986; 23: 36–42
- Hayes R B., Bogdanovicz J FAT, Schroeder F H., et al. Serum retinol and prostate cancer. Cancer 1988; 62: 2021–6
- Rougereau A, Person O, Rougereau G. Fat soluble vitamins and cancer localization associated to an abnormal ketone derivative of D3 vitamin: carcinomedin. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1987; 57: 367–73
- Heinonen P K., Koskinen T, Tuimala R. Serum levels of vitamins A and E in women with ovarian cancer. Arch Gynecol 1985; 237: 37–40
- Romppanen U, Tuimala R, Punnonen R, Koskinen T. Serum vitamin A and E levels in patients with lichen sclerosus and carcinoma of the vulva—effect of oral etretinate treatment. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1985; 74(suppl 197)27–9
- Heinonen P K., Kuoppala T, Koskinen T, Punnonen R. Serum vitamins A and E and carotene in patients with gynecologic cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1987; 241: 151–6
- Connett J E., Kuller L H., Kjelsberg M O., et al. Relationship between carotenoids and cancer. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) Study. Cancer 1989; 64: 126–34
- Glattre E, Thomassen Y, Thoresen S O., et al. Prediagnostic serum selenium in a case-control study of thyroid cancer. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18: 45–9
- Heilbrun L K., Nomura A, Hankin J H., Stemmermann G N. Diet and colorectal cancer with special reference to fiber intake. Int J Cancer 1989; 44: 1–6
- Fex G, Pettersson B, Åkesson B. Low plasma selenium as a risk factor for cancer death in middle-aged men. Nutr Cancer 1987; 10: 221–9
- Stähelin H B., Rösel F, Buess E, Brubacher G. Cancer, vitamins, and plasma lipids: Prospective Basel Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984; 73: 1463–8
- Wald N J., Boreham J, Hayward J L., Bulbrook R D. Plasma retinol, beta-carotene and vitamin E levels in relation to the future risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1984; 49: 321–4
- Menkes M S., Comstock G W., Vuilleumier J P., Helsing K J., Rider A A., Brookmeyer R. Serum beta-carotene, vitamins A and E, selenium, and the risk of lung cancer. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1250–4
- Kok F J., van Duijn C M., Hofman A, Vermeeren R, de Bruijn A M., Valkenburg H A. Micronutrients and the risk of lung cancer. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1416
- Knekt P. Serum vitamin E level and risk of female cancers. Int J Epidemiol 1988; 17: 281–6
- Knekt P, Aromaa A, Maatela J, et al. Serum vitamin E and risk of cancer among Finnish men during a 10-year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 127: 28–41
- Salonen J T., Salonen R, Lappeteläinen R, Mäenpää P H., Alfthan G, Puska P. Risk of cancer in relation to serum concentrations of selenium and vitamins A and E: matched case-control analysis of prospective data. Br Med J [Clin Res] 1985; 290: 417–20
- Gey K F., Brubacher G B., Stähelin H B. Plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins in relation to ischemic heart disease and cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45: 1368–77
- Wald N J., Thompson S G., Densem J W., Boreham J, Bailey A. Serum vitamin E and subsequent risk of cancer. Br J Cancer 1987; 56: 69–72
- Willett W C., Polk B F., Underwood B A., et al. Relation of serum vitamins A and E and carotenoids to the risk of cancer. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 430–4
- Nomura A MY, Stemmermann G N., Heilbrun L K., Salkeld R M., Vuilleumier J P. Serum vitamin levels and the risk of cancer of specific sites in men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 2369–72
- Schober S E., Comstock G W., Helsing K J., et al. Serologic precursors of cancer. I. Prediagnostic serum nutrients and colon cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 126: 1033–41
- Knekt P, Aromaa A, Maatela J, et al. Serum vitamin E, serum selenium and the risk of gastrointestinal cancer. Int J Cancer 1988; 42: 846–50
- Russell M J., Thomas B S., Bulbrook R D. A prospective study of the relationship between serum vitamins A and E and risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1988; 57: 213–5
- Burney P GJ, Comstock G W., Morris J S. Serologic precursors of cancer; serum micronuthents and the subsequent risk of pancreatic cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49: 895–900
- Helzlsouer K J., Comstock G W., Morris J S. Selenium, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, retinol, and subsequent bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 6144–8
- Hoekstra W G. Biochemical function of selenium and its relation to vitamin E. Fed Proc 1975; 34: 2083–9
- Willett W C., Polk B F., Morris J S., et al. Prediagnostic serum selenium and risk of cancer. Lancet 1983; ii: 130–4
- Horwitt M K., Harvey C C., Dahm C H., Jr, Searcy M T. Relationship between tocopherol and serum lipid levels for determination of nutritional adequacy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1972; 203: 223–36
- Tangney C C., Shekelle R B., Raynor W, Gale M, Betz E P. Intra-and interindividual variation in measurements of beta-carotene, retinol, and tocopherols in diet and plasma. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45: 764–9
- Russell-Briefel R, Bates M W., Kuller L H. The relationship of plasma carotenoids to health and biochemical factors in middle-aged men. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 122: 741–9
- Takahashi Y, Uruno K, Kimura S. Vitamin E binding proteins in human serum. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1977; 23: 201–9
- McMichael A J., Jensen O M., Parkin D M., Zaridze D G. Dietary and endogenous cholesterol and human cancer. Epidemiol Rev 1984; 6: 192–216
- Wald N J., Nicolaides-Bouman A, Hudson G A. Plasma retinol, beta-carotene and vitamin E levels in relation to the future risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1988; 57: 235
- London R S., Murphy L, Kitlowski K E. Hypothesis: breast cancer prevention by supplemental vitamin E. J Am Coll Nutr 1985; 4: 559–64
- Ernster V L., Goodson W H., Hunt T K., Petrakis N L., Sickles E A., Miike R. Vitamin E and benign breast “disease”: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Surgery 1985; 97: 490–4
- London R S., Sundaram G S., Murphy L, Manimekalai S, Reynolds M, Goldstein P J. The effect of vitamin E on mammary dysplasia: a double-blind study. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 65: 104–6
- McKeown-Eyssen G, Holloway C, Jazmaji V, Bright-See E, Dion P, Bruce W R. A randomized trial of vitamins C and E in the prevention of recurrence of colorectal polyps. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 4701–5
- De Cosse J J., Miller H H., Lesser M L. Effect of wheat fiber and vitamins C and E on rectal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 1290–7
- De Wys W D., Malone W F., Butrum R R., Sestili M A. Clinical trials in cancer prevention. Cancer 1986; 58: 1954–62
- Bertram J S., Kolonel L N., Meyskens F L., Jr. Rationale and strategies for chemoprevention of cancer in humans. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 3012–31
- Cullen J W. The National Cancer Institute's intervention trials. Cancer 1988; 62: 1851–64