Androgen Receptor and Mechanism of Androgen Action

References

• Berger F G., Watson G. Androgen-regulated gene expression. Annu Rev Physiol 1989; 51: 51–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans R M. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 1988; 240: 889–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beato M. Gene regulation by steroid hormones. Cell 1989; 56: 335–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Malley B. The steroid receptor superfamiiy: more excitement predicted for the future. Mol Endocrinol 1990; 4: 363–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller P J. The steroid receptor superfamiiy: mechanism of diversity. FASEB J 1991; 5: 3092–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahli W, Mertinez E. Superfamiiy of steroid nuclear receptors: positive and negative regulators of gene expression. FASEB J 1991; 5: 2243–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang C, Kokontls J, Liao S. Structural analysis of cDNA and amino acid sequences of human and rat androgen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 7211–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubahn D B., Joseph D R., Sar M, et al. The human androgen receptor: complementary deoxyribonucleic acid cloning, sequence analysis and gene expression in prostate. Mol Endocrinol 1988; 2: 1265–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan J A., Van den Quarmby V E., et al. The rat androgen receptor: primary structure, autoregulation of its mRNA and immunocytochemical localization of the receptor protein. Mol Endocrinol 1988; 2: 1276–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tlfley W D., Marcelli M, Wilson J D., McPhaul M J. Characterization and expression of a cDNA encoding the human androgen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 327–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kastner P, Krust A, Turcotte B, et al. Two distinct estrogen regulated promoters generate transcripts encoding two functionally different human progesterone receptor forms A and B. EMBO J 1990; 9: 1603–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Spada A R., Wilson E M., Lubahn D B., Harding A E., Flschbeck K H. Androgen receptor gene mutations in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Nature 1991; 352: 77–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto Y, Kawai H, Nakahara K, et al. A novel primer extension method to detect the number of CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene in families with X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Biochem Biophys Res Common 1992; 182: 507–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blancalana V, Serville F, Pommier J, Jullen J, Hanauer A, Mandel J L. Moderate instability of the trinucleotide repeat in spinobulbar muscular atrophy. Hum Molec Genet 1992; 1: 255–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott M P., Carroll S B. The segmentation and homeotic gene network in early Drosophila, development. Cell 1987; 51: 689–98
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyon M F., Hawkes S G. X-linked gene for testicular feminization in the mouse. Nature 1970; 227: 1217–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jänne O A., Bardln C W. Androgen and antiandrogen receptor binding. Annu Rev Physiol 1984; 46: 107–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charest N J., Zhou Z X., Lubahn D B., Olsen K L., Wilson E M., French F S. A frameshift mutation destabilizes androgen receptor mRNA in the tfm mouse. Mol Endocrinol 1991; 5: 573–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He W W., Kumar M V., Tindall D J. A frame-shift mutation in the androgen receptor gene causes complete androgen insensitivity in the testicular-feminized mouse. Nucl Acids Res 1991; 19: 2373–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaspar M L., Meo T, Bourgarel P, Guenet J L., Tosi M. A single base deletion in the Tfm androgen receptor gene creates a short-lived messenger RNA that directs internal translation initiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 8606–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freedman L P. Anatomy of the steroid receptor zinc finger region. Endocrine Rev 1992; 13: 129–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luisi B F., Xu X W., Otwinowski Z, Freedman L P., Yamamoto K R., Sigler P B. Crystallographic analysis of the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with DNA. Nature 1991; 352: 497–505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amero S A., Kretslnger R H., Moncrief N D., Yamamoto K R., Pearson W R. The origin of nuclear receptor proteins: a single precursor distinct from other transcription factors. Mol Endocrinol 1992; 6: 3–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laudet V, Hänni C, Coll J, Catzeflis F, Stéhelin D. Evolution of the nuclear receptor gene superfamily. EMBO J 1992; 11: 1003–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ham J, Thomson A, Needham M, Webb P, Parker M. Characterization of response elements for androgens, glucocorticoids and progestins in mouse mammary tumor virus. Nucl Acids Res 1988; 16: 5263–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cato A CB, Skroch P, Wefnmann J, Butkeraitls P, Ponta H. DNA sequences outside the receptor-binding sites differently modulate the responsiveness of the mouse mammary tumour promoter to various steroid hormones. EMBO J 1988; 7: 1403–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffin J E. Androgen resistance-the clinical and molecular spectrum. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 611–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkmann A O., Trapman J. Androgen receptor mutants that affect growth and development. Cancer Surv 1992; 14: 95–111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quigley C A., Evans B AJ, Simental J A., et al. Complete androgen insensitivity due to deletion of exon C of the androgen receptor gene highlights the functional importance of the second zinc finger of the androgen receptor in vivo. Mol Endocrinol 1992; 6: 1103–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klocker H, Kaspar F, Eberle J, Überreiter S, Radmayr C, Bartsch G. Point mutation in the DNA binding domain of the androgen receptor in two families with Reifenstein syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 1992; 50: 1318–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooster R, Manglon J, Eeles E, et al. A germline mutation in the androgen receptor gene in two brothers with breast cancer and Reifenstein syndrome. Nature Genetics 1992; 2: 132–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcelll M, Zoppl S, Grino P B., Griffin J E., Wilson J D., McPhaul M J. A mutation in the DNA-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene causes complete testicular feminization in a patient with receptor-positive androgen resistance. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 1123–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jänne O A., Bardin C W. Steroid receptors and hormone action: physiological and synthetic androgens and progestins can medicate inappropriate biological responses. Pharmacol Rev 1984; 36: 35S–42S
   Google Scholar
• Wilson J D., George F W., Griffin J E. The hormonal control of sexual development. Science 1981; 211: 1278–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ris-Stalpes C, Kuiper GM GJ, Faber P W., et al. Aberrant splicing of androgen receptor mRNA results in synthesis of a nonfunctional receptor protein in a patient with androgen insensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 7866–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tilley W D., Marcelli M, McPaul M J. Recent studies of the androgen receptor: new insights into old questions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1990; 68: C7–C10
   Google Scholar
• Simental J A., Sar M, Lane M V., French F S., Wilson E M. Transcriptional activation and nuclear targeting signals of the human androgen receptor. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 510–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sai T, Selno S, Chang C, et al. An exonic point mutation of the androgen receptor gene in a family with complete androgen insensitivity. Am J Hum Genet 1990; 46: 1095–100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yarbrough W G., Quarmby V E., Simental J A., et al. A single base mutation in the androgen receptor gene causes androgen insensitivity in the testicular feminized rat. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 8893–900
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grino P B., Isldro-Gutierrez R F., Griffin J E., Wilson J D. Androgen resistance associated with a qualitative abnormality of the androgen receptor and responsive to high dose androgen therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 578–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jänne O A., Palvimo J J., Kallio P, Mehto M, Xle Y B., Sui Y P. Production of recombinant androgen receptor in a heterologous expression system. Clin Chem 1992, (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Xie Y B., Sui Y P., Shan L X., Palvimo J J., Phillips D M., Jänne O A. Expression of androgen receptor in insect cells. Purification of the receptor and renaturation of its steroid-and DNA-binding functions. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 4939–48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christensen K, Estes P A., Onate S A., et al. Characterization and functional properties of the A and B forms of human progesterone receptors synthesized in a baculo-virus system. Mol Endocrinol 1991; 5: 1755–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliston J F., Beekman J M., Tsai S Y., O'Malley B W., Tsai M J. Hormone activation of baculovirus expressed progesterone receptors. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 5193–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shan L X., Rodriguez M C., Jänne O A. Regulation of androgen receptor protein and mRNA concentrations by androgens in rat prostate and seminal vesicles and in human hepatoma cells. Mol Endocrinol 1990; 4: 1636–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar