Blood pressure and pulse wave velocity as metrics for evaluating pathologic ageing of the cardiovascular system

References

• Snideman AD, Furberg CD. Age as a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Lancet. 2008;371:1547–1551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson PM. Early vascular aging (EVA): Consequences and prevention. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4:547–552.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilsson PM, Lurbe E, Laurent S. The early life origins of vascular ageing and cardiovascular risk: The EVA syndrome (review). J. Hypertens. 2008;26:1049–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson PM, Boutouyrie P, Laurent S. Vascular aging: A tale of EVA and ADAM in cardiovascular risk assessment and prevention (Brief Review). Hypertension. 2009;54:3–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagard RH, Van Den Froeke C, De Cort P. Prognostic significance of blood pressure measured in the office, at home and during ambulatory monitoring in older patients in general practice. J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19:801–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel WB, Vasan R, Levy D. Is the relation of systolic blood pressure to risk of cardiovascular disease continuous and graded, or are there critical values?Hypertension. 2003; 42:453–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prospective studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: A meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903–1913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease: Part 1. Prolonged differences in blood pressure: Prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet. 1990;335:765–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy BJ, Ambrosio G, Pries AR, Struijker-Boudier HAJ. Microcirculation in hypertension. A new target for treatment?Circulation. 2001;104:735–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy BI, Schiffrin EL, Mourad JJ, Agostini D, Vicaut E, Safar ME, et al. Impaired tissue perfusion. A pathology common to hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2008;118:968–976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols WW, O’Rourke MF. McDonald's blood flow in arteries: Theoretical, experimental and clinical principles. 5th ed. London: Hodder Arnold; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Kannel WB. Risk stratification in hypertension: New insights from the Framingham Study. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13(1 Pt 2):3S–10S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Muller DC, Andres R, Hougaku H, Metter J, et al. Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age- associated increases in vascular thickness and stiffness. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1388–1395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schillaci G, Pirro M, Faudo G, Mannarino MR, Savarese G, Pucci G, et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with aortic stiffness in untreated essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;45:1078–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, Brown C, Cutler JA, Higgins M, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991. Hypertension. 1995;25:305–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin SS, Gustin W, Wong ND, Larson MG, Weber MA, Kannel WB, et al. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1997;96:308–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pletcher MJ, Biffins-Domingo K, Lewis CE, Wei GS, Sidney S, Carr JJ, et al. Prehypertension during young adulthood and coronary calcium later in life. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:91–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, Boutouyrie P, Giannattasio C, Hayoz D, et al. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: Methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2588–2605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEniery CM, Yasmin, Hall IR, Qasem A, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR; ACCT Investigators. Normal vascular aging: Differential effects on wave reflection and aortic pulse wave velocity: The Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1753–1760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blacher J. Guerin AP, Pannier, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, London GM. Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation. 1999;99:2434–2439.
   Google Scholar
• Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, Gautier I, Laloux B, Guize L, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2001;37:1236–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benetos A, Asamopouolos C, Bureau J-M, Temmar M, Labat C, Bean K, et al. Determinants of accelerated progression of arterial stiffness in normotensive subjects and in treated hypertensive subjects over a 6-year period. Circulation. 2002;105:1202–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1318–1327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bortel LM, Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Chowienczyk P, Cruickshank JK, De Backer T, et al.; Artery Society; European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Vascular Structure and Function; European Network for Noninvasive Investigation of Large Arteries. Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity. J Hypertens. 2012;30: 445–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness’ Collaboration. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: “Establishing normal and reference values”. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2338–2350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, Larson MG, Levy D. Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart disease? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1999; 100:354–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darne B, Girerd X, Safar M, Cambien F, Guize L. Pulsatile versus steady component of blood pressure: A cross-sectional analysis and a prospective analysis on cardiovascular mortality. Hypertension. 1989;13:392–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang J. Madhavan S, Cohen H, Alderman MH. Measures of blood pressure and myocardial infarction in treated hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 1995;13:413–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benetos A, Safar M, Rudnichi A, Smulyan H, Richard JL, Ducimetiere P, et al. Pulse pressure. A predictor of long-term cardiovascular mortality in a French male population. Hypertension. 1997;30:1410–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MT, Rosner BA, Weiss CT. Relationship of blood pressure to cardiovascular death: The effect of pulse pressure in the elderly. Ann Epidemiol. 1999;9:101–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domanski MJ, Davis BR, Pfeffer MA, Kastantin M, Mitchell GF. Isolated systolic hypertension. Prognostic information provided by pulse pressure. Hypertension. 1999; 34:375–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn RG, Chae CU, Guralnik JM, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH. Pulse pressure and mortality in older people. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2765–2772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blacher J, Staessen JA, Girerd X, Gasowski J, Thijs L, Liu L, et al. Pulse pressure not mean pressure determines cardiovascular risk in older hypertensive patients. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1085–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benetos A, Zureik M, Morcet J, Thomas F, Bean K, Safar M, et al. A decrease in diastolic blood pressure combined with an increase in systolic blood pressure is associated with a higher cardiovascular mortality in men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:673–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattar RS, Swales JD, Dore C, Senior R, Lahiri A. Effect of aging on the prognostic significance of ambulatory systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure in essential hypertension. Circulation. 2001;104:783–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staessen JA, Gasowski, Wang JG, Lutgarde T, Hond ED, Boissel JP, et al. Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet. 2000;104:865–872.
   Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgione C, Ciucce A, Pede S, Porcellati C. Ambulatory pulse pressure: A potent predictor of total cardiovascular risk in hypertension. Hypertension. 1998;32:983–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin SS, Lopez VA, Wong ND, Mitchell GF, Larson MG, Vasan RS, et al. Single versus combined blood pressure components and risk for cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2009;119:243–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–2572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28:1462–1536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauca AL, O’Rourke MF, Kon ND. Prospective evaluation of a method for estimating ascending aortic pressure from the radial artery pressure waveform. Hypertension. 2001;38: 932–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly R, Fitchett D. Noninvasive determination of aortic input impedance and external left ventricular power output: A validation repeatability study of a new technique. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:952–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safar ME, Blacher J, Pannier B, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Guyonvarc’h PM, et al. Central pulse pressure and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension. 2002;39: 735–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, Lacy PS, Thom SM, Cruickshank K, Stanton A, Collier D, et al. CAFÉ Investigators, CAFÉ Steering Committee and Writing Committee. Differential impact of blood pressure lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: Principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFÉ) Study. Circulation. 2006;113: 1212–1225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kizer JR, Lee ET, Galloway JM, Ali T, et al. Central pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than does brachial pressure: The Strong Heart Study. Hypertension. 2007;50:197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEniery CM, Yasmin, McDonnell B, Munnery M, Wallace, Rowe CV, Cockcroft JR, Wilkinson IB. Central pressure: Variability and impact of cardiovascular risk Factors. The Anglo-Cardiff Collborative Trial II. Hypertension. 2008; 51:1476–1482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell GF, Hwang SJ, Vasan RS, Larson MG, Pencina MJ, Hamburg NM, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2010; 121:505–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fields LE, Burt VL, Cutler JA, Hughes J, Roccella EJ, Sorlie P. The burden of adult hypertension in the United States 1999 to 2000: A rising tide. Hypertension. 2004;44:398–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin SS, Jacobs MJ, Wong ND, L’Italien GJ, Lapuerta P. Predominance of isolated systolic hypertension among middle-aged and elderly US hypertensives. Hypertension. 2001; 37:869–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, Larson MG, Kannel WB, D’Agostino RB, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men. JAMA. 2002;287:1003–1010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin SS, Pio JR, Wong ND, Larson MG, Leip EP, Vasan RS, et al. Predictors of new-onset diastolic and systolic hypertension. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2005;111:1121–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najjar S, Scuteri A, Shetty V, Wright BA, Muller DC, Fleg JL, et al. Pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the longitudinal increase in systolic blood pressure and of incident hypertension in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1377–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaess BM, Rong J, Larson MG, Hamburg NM, Vita JA, Levy D, et al. Aortic stiffness, blood pressure progression, and incident hypertension. JAMA. 2012;308:875–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalili P, Sundström J, Franklin SS, Jendle J, Lundin F, Jungner I, et al. Combined effects of brachial pulse pressure and sialic acid for risk of cardiovascular events during 40 years of follow-up in 37,843 individuals. J Hypertens. 2012;30:1718–1724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalili P, Nilsson PM, Nilsson JA, Berglund G. Smoking as a modifier of the systolic blood pressure-induced risk of cardiovascular events and mortality: A population-based prospective study of middle-aged men. J Hypertens. 2002;20:1759–1764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokhtari A, Bellinetto-Ford L, Melander O, Nilsson PM. Determinants of increasing pulse pressure during 23 years’ follow-up as a marker of arterial stiffness and vascular ageing. Blood Press. 2008;17:291–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman W, Dubbert P. Nonpharmacologic approaches to therapy of hypertension. Endocrine Pract. 1997;3:106–111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SHEP cooperative Research Group: Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA. 1991;265:3255–3264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, Celis H, Arabidze GG, Birkenhäger WH, et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of placebo and the active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet. 1997;350:757–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J-G, Staessen JA, Gong L, Liu L. Chinese trial on isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:211–220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L, Fagard R. Overview of the outcome trials in older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. J Human Hypertens. 1999;13:859–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueyffier F, Bulpitt C, Boissel J-P, Schron E, Ekbom T, Fagard R, et al. Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: A subgroup meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lancet. 1999;353:793–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1887–1898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldstein SR, Rice SC, Thayer JF, Najjar SS, Scuteri A, Zonderman AB. Pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity are related to cognitive decline in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Hypertension. 2008;51:991–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell GF, van Buchem MA, Sigurdsson S, Gotal JD, Jonsdottir MK, Kjartansson Ó, et al. Arterial stiffness, pressure and flow pulsatility and brain structure and function: The Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility – Reykjavik study. Brain. 2011 Nov;134(Pt 11):3398–3407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staessen JA, Richart T, Birkenhager WH. Less atherosclerosis and lower blood pressure for a meaningful life perspective with more brain. Hypertension. 2007;49:389–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE, Decarli C, Greenberg SM, Iadecola C, et al.; American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011;42:2672–2713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:580–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Rourke MF, Safar ME, Dzau V. The cardiovascular continuum extended: Aging effects on the aorta and microvasculature. Vasc Med. 2010;15:461–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safar ME, Nilsson PM, Blacher J, Mimran A. Pulse pressure, arterial stiffness, and end-organ damage. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012;14:339–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong KT, Delerme S, Pannier B, Safar ME, Benetos A, Laurent S, et al.; investigators. Aortic stiffness is reduced beyond blood pressure lowering by short-term and long-term antihypertensive treatment: A meta-analysis of individual data in 294 patients. J Hypertens. 2011;29:1034–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutouyrie P, Lacolley P, Briet M, Regnault V, Stanton A, Laurent S, et al. Pharmacological modulation of arterial stiffness. Drugs. 2011;71:1689–1701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent S, Briet M, Boutouyrie P. Arterial stiffness as surrogate end point: Needed clinical trials. Hypertension. 2012;60:518–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson PM. Genetic and environmental determinants of early vascular ageing (EVA). Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2012;10:700–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson PM. Impact of vascular aging on cardiovascular disease: The role of telomere biology. J Hypertens. 2012;30 Suppl:S9–S12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar