References
- Copeland JR, Beekman AT, Dewey ME, Hooijer C, Jordan A, Lawlor BA, . Depression in Europe. Geographical distribution among older people. Br J Psychiatry 1999;174:312–21.
- Rosenvinge BH, Rosenvinge JH. Forekomst av depresjon— systematisk oversikt over 55 prevalens studier fra 1990–2001 [Occurrence of depression in the elderly—a systematic review of 55 prevalence studies from 1990–2001 (in Norwegian)]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2003;123:928–9.
- Hybels CF, Blazer DG. Epidemiology of late-life mental disorders. Clin Geriatr Med 2003:663–96.
- Stordal E, Bjartveit Kruger M, Dahl NH, Kruger O, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. Depression in relation to age and gender in the general population: The Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT). Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001;104:210–6.
- Koenig HG, Blazer DG. Epidemiology of geriatric affective disorders. Clin Geriatr Med 1992;8:235–51.
- Helvik A-S, Scanke RH, Selbæk G. Screening for depression in elderly medical inpatients from rural areas of Norway: Prevalence and associated factors. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010;25:150–9.
- Rapp SR, Parisi SA, Walsh DA, Wallace CE. Detecting depression in elderly medical inpatients. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988;56: 509–13.
- Koenig HG, George LK, Peterson BL, Pieper CF. Depression in medically ill hospitalized older adults: Prevalence, characteristics, and course of symptoms according to six diagnostic schemes. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1376–83.
- Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361–70.
- Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. An updated literature review. J Psychosom Res 2002;52:69–77.
- Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003;1:29.
- Snaith RP, Zigmond AS. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;292:344.
- Herrmann C. International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale—A review of validation data and clinical results. J Psychosom Res 1997;42:17–41.
- White D, Leach C, Sims R, Atkinson M, Cottrell D. Validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale for use with adolescents. Br J Psychiatry 1999;175:452–4.
- Spinhoven P, Ormel J, Sloekers PP, Kempen GI, Speckens AE, Van Hemert AM. A validation study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) in different groups of Dutch subjects. Psychol Med 1997;27:363–70.
- Flint AJ, Rifat SL. Factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale in older patients with major depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;17:117–23.
- Johnston M, Pollard B, Hennessey P. Construct validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale with clinical populations. J Psychosom Res 2000;48:579–84.
- Marinus J, Leentjens AF, Visser M, Stiggelbout AM, van Hilten JJ. Evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002;25:318–24.
- Martin CR, Lewin RJ, Thompson DR. A confirmatory factor analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale in coronary care patients following acute myocardial infarction. Psychiatry Res 2003;120:85–94.
- Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Frades-Payo B, Forjaz MJ, de Pedro-Cuesta J, Martinez-Martin P. Psychometric attributes of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009;24:519–25.
- Lepine JP, Godchau M, Brun P, Lemperiere T. [Evaluation of anxiety and depression among patients hospitalized on an internal medicine service]. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 1985;143:175–89.
- Aylard PR, Gooding JH, McKenna PJ, Snaith RP. A validation study of three anxiety and depression self-assessment scales. J Psychosom Res 1987;31:261–8.
- Upadhyaya AK, Stanley I. Hospital anxiety depression scale. Br J Gen Pract 1993;43:349–50.
- Jarrett PG, Rockwood K, Carver D, Stolee P, Cosway S. Illness presentation in elderly patients. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1060–4.
- Grimley Evans J. 21st century: Review: Ageing and medicine. J Intern Med 2000;247:159–67.
- Gallo JJ, Rabins PV. Depression without sadness: Alternative presentations of depression in late life. Am Fam Physician 1999;60:820–6.
- Montgomery SA, Aasberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 1979;134:382–9.
- Rush A, Pincus H, First M, Blacker D, Endicott J, Keith SJ, . Handbook of psychiatric measures. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
- Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189–98.
- Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, Coben LA, Martin RL. A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry 1982;140:566–72.
- Morris JC. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules. Neurology 1993;43:2412–4.
- Kaiser HF. The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1960;20:141–51.
- Cattell RB. The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behav Res 1966;1:245–276.
- Fayers P, Machin D. Quality of life. Assessment, analysis and interpretation. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2000.
- Pett MA, Lackey NR, Sullival JJ. Making sense of factor analysis. The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. London: Sage; 2003.
- Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH. Psychometric theory, 3rd. New York: McGraw-Hill College; 1994.
- Herrero MJ, Blanch J, Peri JM, De Pablo J, Pintor L, Bulbena A. A validation study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) in a Spanish population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2003;25:277–83.
- Mystakidou K, Tsilika E, Parpa E, Katsouda E, Galanos A, Vlahos L. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale in Greek cancer patients: Psychometric analyses and applicability. Support Care Cancer 2004;12:821–5.
- Pallant JF, Bailey CM. Assessment of the structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale in musculoskeletal patients. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2005;3:82.
- Woolrich RA, Kennedy P, Tasiemski T. A preliminary psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) in 963 p eople living with a spinal cord injury. Psychol Health Med 2006;11:80–90.
- Norman GR, Streiner DL. Biostatistics. The bare essentials, 2nd. London: B.C. Decker Inc.; 2000.
- Dagnan D, Chadwick P, Trower P. Psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale with a population of members of a depression self-help group. Br J Med Psychol 2000;73:129–37.
- Mykletun A, Stordal E, Dahl AA. Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale: Factor structure, item analyses and internal consistency in a large population. Br J Psychiatry 2001;179:540–4.
- Löwe B, Spitzer RL, Gräfe K, Kroenke K, Quenter A, Zipfel S, . Comparative validity of three screening questionnaires for DSM-IV depressive disorders and physicians’ diagnoses. J Affect Disord 2004;78:131–40.
- Olsson I, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale: A cross-sectional study of psychometrics and case finding abilities in general practice. BMC Psychiatry 2005;5:46.