Physical activity in adolescents who later developed schizophrenia: A prospective case-control study from the Young-HUNT

References

• Jablensky A. Epidemology of schizophrenia: the global burden of disease and disability. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000;250:274–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leucht S, Burkard T, Henderson J, Maj M, Sartorius, N. Physical illness and schizophrenia: a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007;116:317–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiihonen J, Lönnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, Klaukka T, Niskanen L, Tanskanen A, et al. 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet 2009(9690);373:620–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlbeck K, Westman J, Nordentoft M, Gissler M, Laursen TM. Outcomes of Nordic mental health systems: life expectancy of patients with mental disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2011;199:453–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCreadie RG. Diet, smoking and cardiovascular risk in people with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2003;183:534–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chwastiak LA, Rosenheck RA, Kazis LE. Association of psychiatric illness and obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking among a national sample of veterans. Psychosomatics 2011;52:230–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerimele JM, Katon WJ. Associations between health risk behaviors and symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013;35:16–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvoy JP, Meyer JM, Goff DC, Nasrallah HA, Davis SM, Sullivan L, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophr Res 2005;80:19–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreassen OA, Djurovic S, Thompson WK., Schork AJ, Kendler KS, O’Donovan MC, et al. Improved detection of common variants associated with schizophrenia by leveraging pleiotropy with cardiovascular-disease risk factors. Am J Hum Genet 2013;92:197–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roick C, Fritz-Wieacker A, Matschinger H, Heider D, Schindler J, Riedel-Heller S, et al. Health habits of patients with schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007;42:268–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn DP, Nazareth I, King MB. Physical activity, dietary habits and coronary heart disease risk factor knowledge amongst people with severe mental illness: a cross sectional comparative study in primary care. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007;42: 787–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon M, Jones P, Huttunen MO, Tanskanen A, Huttunen T, Rabe-Hesketh S, et al. School performance in Finnish children and later development of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psych 1999;56:457–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemi LT, Suvisaari JM, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Lonnqvist JK. Childhood developmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence from high-risk studies. Schizophr Res 2003;60:239–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beebe LH, Burk R, McIntyre K, Smith K, Velligan D, Resnick B, et al. Motivating persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders to exercise: rationale and design. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses 2009;3:111–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Archie W, Wilson JH, Osborne S, Hobbs H, McNiven J. Pilot study: access to fitness facility and exercise levels in olanzapine-treated patients. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:628–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancampfort D, Knapen J, Probst M, Scheewe T, Remans S, De Hert M. A systematic review of correlates of physical activity in patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012;125: 352–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallal PC, Victora CG, Azevedo MR, Wells JCK. Adolescent physical activity and health – a systematic review. Sports Med 2006;36:1019–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biddle SJH, Asare M. Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:886–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangul V, Bauman A, Holmen TL, Midthjell K. Is physical activity maintenance from adolescence to young adulthood associated with reduced CVD risk factors, improved mental health and satisfaction with life: the HUNT Study, Norway. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012;9:144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann, A, Sherrington, C, Curtis, J. Ward, PB. Physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2014; 75:964–74.
   Google Scholar
• Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, Weiser M, Mark M, Kaplan Z, Davidson M. Premorbid functioning in a national population of male twins discordant for psychoses. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:1514–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tambs, K. Prosjektbeskrivelse UNG-HUNT, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Lingaas Holmen T, Bratberg G, Krokstad S, Langhammer A, Hveem K, Midthjell K, et al. Cohort profile of the Young-HUNT Study, Norway: a population-based study of adolescents. Int J Epidemiology 2013;42:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International classification of diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10), research criteria. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Rangul V, Holmen TL, Kurtze N, Cuypers K, Midthjell K. Reliability and validity of two frequently used self-administered physical activity questionnaires in adolescents. BMC Med Res Methodol 2008;8:47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ommundsen Y. Kan idrett og fysisk aktivitet fremme psykososial helse blant barn og unge?[Can sport and physical activity promote young peoples’ psychosocial health? (Journal of Norwegian Medical Association)] Tidsskr Nor Legefor 2000;120:3573–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz J, Smedt GD, Harvey PD, Davidson M. Relationship between premorbid functioning and symptom severity as assessed at first episode of psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:2021–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rabinowitz J, Caspi A, Schmeidler J, Mark M, et al. A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and nonpsychotic bipolar disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:2027–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmberg A, Lewis G, David A, Allebeck P. Premorbid adjustment and personality in people with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1998;172:308–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon TD, van Erp TG, Bearden CE, Loewy R, Thompson P, Toga AW, et al. Early and late neurodevelopmental influences in the prodrome to schizophrenia: contributions of genes, environment, and their interactions. Schizophr Bull 2003;29:653–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 1994;344:1398–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone EC, Ebmeier KP, Miller P, Owens DG, Lawrie SM. Predicting schizophrenia: findings from the Edinburgh High-Risk Study. Br J Psychiatry 2005;186:18–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rietschel M, Georgi A, Schmael C, Schirmbeck F, Strohmaier J, Boesshenz KV, et al. Premorbid adjustment: a phenotype highlighting a distinction rather than an overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2009;110:33–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah A, Alshaher M, Dawn B, Siddique T, Longaker RA, Stoddard MF, et al. Exercise tolerance is reduced in bipolar illness. J Affect Disord 2007;104:191–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen TK, Friis S, Haahr U, Johannessen JO, Melle I, Opjordsmoen S, et al. Premorbid adjustment in first-episode non-affective psychosis: distinct patterns of pre-onset course. Br J Psychiatry 2004;185:108–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karow A, Pajonk FG. Insight and quality of life in schizophrenia: recent findings and treatment implications. Curr Opinion Psychiatry 2006;19:637–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology 1998;12:426–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar