References
- Savard R. J., Rey R. C., Post R. M. Halstead-Reitan category test in bipolar and unipolar affective disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1980; 5: 297–304
- Sapin L. R., Berrettini W. H., Nurnberger J. I., Rothblat L. A. Mediational factors underlying cognitive changes and laterality in affective illness. Biol Psychiatry 1987; 22: 979–86
- Coffman J. A., Bornstein R. A., Olson C. S., Scharzkopf S. B., Nasrallah H. A. Cognitive impairment and cerebral structure by MRI in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27: 1188–96
- Abas A. M., Sahakian B. J., Levy R. Neuropsychological deficits and CT scan changes in elderly depressives. Psychol Med 1990; 20: 507–20
- Marcos T., Salamero M., Gutierrez F., Catalan R., Gasto C., Lazaro L. Cognitive dysfunctions in recovered melancholic patients. J Affective Disord 1994; 32: 133–7
- McKay A. P., Tarbuck A. F., Shapleske J., McKenna P. J. Neuropsychological function in manic-depressive psychosis. Evidence for persistent deficits in patients with chronic severe illness. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 167: 51–7
- Goldberg J. F., Harrow M., Grossman L. S. Course and outcome in bipolar affective disorder: a longitudinal follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 379–84
- Hays R. D., Wells K. B., Sherbourne C. D., Rogers W., Spritzer K. Functioning and well-being outcomes of patients with depression compared with chronical general medical illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 11–9
- Goddard G. V. Development of epileptic seizures through brain stimulation of low intensity. Nature 1967; 214: 1020–1
- Post R. M., Rubinow D. R., Ballenger J. C. Conditioning and sensitization in the longitudinal course of affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 149: 191–201
- Post R. M., Weis SRB. Kindling and manic-depressive illness. The clinical relevance of kindling, T. G. Bolwig, M. R. Trimble. Courier International Press, Colchester 1989; 209–30
- Post R. M. Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 999–1010
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: 3rd ed., revised (DSM-m-R). APA, Wasington (DC) 1987
- Research diagnostic criteria., Spitzer R.L., Endicot J., Robins E. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978; 35: 773–82
- Folstein M. F., Folstein S. E., Mc Hugh P. R. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12: 189–98
- Gottfries C. G., Bråne G., Steen G. A new rating scale for dementia syndromes. Gerontology 1982; Suppl 2: 20–31
- Reisberg B., Ferris S. H., de Leon M. J., Crook T. Global deterioration scale (GDS). Psychopharm Bull 1988; 24: 661–3
- Goldberg J. F., Harrow M. Kindling in bipolar disorders: a longitudinal follow-up study. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 35: 70–2
- Andersen P. K., Borgan Ø, Gill R. D., Keiding N. Statistical models on counting processes. Springer, New York 1993; 445
- Kraepelin E. Manic-depressive insanity and paranoia. Livingstone, Edingburgh 1921
- Angst J. Verlauf unipolar depressiver bipolar manish-depressiver und schizo-affektiver Erkrankun-gen und Psychosen. Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Studie. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1980; 48: 3–30
- Lee A., Murray R. M. The long-term outcome of Maudsley depressives. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 153: 741–51
- Winokur G., Coryell W., Keller M., Endicott J., Akiskal H. A prospective follow-up of patients with bipolar and primary unipolar affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 457–65
- Post R. M., Ballenger J. C. Kindling models for the progressive development of psychopathology: sensitization to electrical, pharmalogical and psychological stimuli. Handbook of biological psychiatry, part 5, H. M. van Prag, M. H. Lader, O. J. Rafaelsen, E. J. Sachar. Marcel Dekker. 1981; 609–51
- Majkowski J. Kindling and memory. The clinical relevance of kindling, T. G. Bolwig, M. R. Trimble. Courier International Press, Colchester 1989; 87–102
- Mishkin M., Appenzeller T. The anatomy of memory. Sci Am 1987; 256: 62–71
- Winokur G., Coryell W., Akiskal H. S., Endicott J., Keller M., Mueller T. Manic-depressive (bipolar) disorder: the course in light of a prospective ten-year follow-up of 131 patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 89: 102–10
- Baxter L. R., Phelps M. E., Mazziotta J. C. Cerebral metabolic rates for glucose in mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 441–7
- Buchsbaum M. S., Wu J., DeLisi L. E. Frontal cortex and basal ganglia metabolic rates assessed by positron emission tomography with 18F 2-deoxyglucose in affective illness. J Affective Disord 1986; 10: 137–52
- Martinot J. C., Hardy P., Feline A. Left prefrontal glucose hypometabolism in the depressed state: a confirmation. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1313–7
- Dupont R. M., Jernigan T. L., Butters N. Subcortical abnormalities detected in bipolar affective disorder using magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 55–9
- Krishnan KRM, McDonald M., Escalano P. R. Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudate nuclei in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 553–7
- Coffey C. E., Figiel G. S., Djang T., Weiner R. D. Subcortical hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison of normal and depressed elderly subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 187–9
- Figiel G. S., Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy P. M., Rao V. J., Nemeroff C. B., Boyko O. B. Subcortical hyperin-tensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison between late age onset and early onset elderly depressed subjects. Neurobiol Aging 1991; 26: 245–7
- Lundquist G. Prognosis and course in manic-depressive psychoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1945; 35 Suppl: l–96
- Zis A. P., Goodwin F. K. Major affective disorder as a recurrent illness. A critical review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979; 36: 835–9