Host Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase: Contribution to Systemic Acquired Tumor Tolerance

REFERENCES

• Adam, R., Russing, D., Adams, O., Ailyati, A., Sik Kim, K., Schroten, H., Daubener, W. (2005). Role of human brain microvascular endothelial cells during central nervous system infection. Significance of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in antimicrobial defence and immunoregulation. Thromb. Haemost. 94:341–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, A. M. Crawford, M., Bertera, S., Rudert, W. A., Takikawa, O., Robbins, P. D., Trucco, M. (2002). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in transplanted NOD Islets prolongs graft survival after adoptive transfer of diabetogenic splenocytes. Diabetes 51:356–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arefayene, M., Philips, S., Cao, D., Mamidipalli, S., Desta, Z., Flockhart, D. A., Wilkes, D. S., Skaar, T. C. (2009). Identification of genetic variants in the human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) gene, which have altered enzyme activity. Pharmacogenet. Genom. 19:464–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attwood, J. T., Munn, D. H. Macrophage suppression of T cell activation: a potential mechanism of peripheral tolerance. Int. Rev. Immunol. 1999;18:515–525.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baban, B., Chandler, P., McCool, D., Marshall, B., Munn, D. H., Mellor, A. L. (2004). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression is restricted to fetal trophoblast giant cells during murine gestation and is maternal genome specific. J. Reprod. Immunol. 61:67–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baban, B., Chandler, P. R., Johnson, B. A., 3rd, Huang, L., Li, M., Sharpe, M. L., Francisco, L. M., Sharpe, A. H., Blazar, B. R., Munn, D. H., Mellor, A. L. (2011). Physiologic control of IDO competence in splenic dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 187:2329–2335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baban, B., Chandler, P. R., Sharma, M. D., Pihkala, J., Koni, P. A., Munn, D. H., Mellor, A. L. (2009). IDO activates regulatory T cells and blocks their conversion into Th17-like T cells. J. Immunol. 183:2475–2483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baban, B., Hansen, A. M., Chandler, P. R., Manlapat, A., Bingaman, A., Kahler, D. J., Munn, D. H. Mellor, A. L. (2005). A minor population of splenic dendritic cells expressing CD19 mediates IDO-dependent T cell suppression via type I IFN signaling following B7 ligation. Int. Immunol. 17:909–919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, H. J., Sanchez-Perez, A., Weiser, S., Austin, C. J., Astelbauer, F., Miu, J., McQuillan, J. A., Stocker, R., Jermiin, L. S., Hunt, N. H. (2007). Characterization of an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-like protein found in humans and mice. Gene 396:203–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, H. J., Yuasa, H. J., Austin, C. J., Weiser, S., Hunt, N. H. (2009). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2; a new enzyme in the kynurenine pathway. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41:467–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bankoti, J., Rase, B., Simones, T., Shepherd, D. M. (2010). Functional and phenotypic effects of AhR activation in inflammatory dendritic cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 246:18–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belladonna, M. L., Orabona, C., Grohmann, U., Puccetti, P. (2009). TGF-beta and kynurenines as the key to infectious tolerance. Trends Mol. Med. 15:41–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belladonna, M. L., Volpi, C., Bianchi, R., Vacca, C., Orabona, C., Pallotta, M. T., Boon, L., Gizzi, S., Fioretti, M. C., Grohmann, U., Puccetti, P. (2008). Cutting edge: Autocrine TGF-beta sustains default tolerogenesis by IDO-competent dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 181:5194–5198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutelspacher, S. C., Pillai, R., Watson, M. P., Tan, P. H., Tsang, J., McClure, M. O., George, A. J., Larkin, D. F. (2006a). Function of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in corneal allograft rejection and prolongation of allograft survival by over-expression. Eur. J. Immunol. 36:690–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutelspacher, S. C., Tan, P. H., McClure, M. O., Larkin, D. F., Lechler, R. I., George, A. J. (2006b). Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) by endothelial cells: implications for the control of alloresponses. Am. J. Transplant. 6:1320–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, C. A., Rohan, L. C., Cost, M., Watkins, S. C., Draviam, R., Alber, S., Edwards, R. P. (2000). Vaginal mucosa serves as an inductive site for tolerance. J. Immunol. 165:5077–5083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boasso, A., Herbeuval, J. P., Hardy, A. W., Anderson, S. A., Dolan, M. J., Fuchs, D., Shearer, G. M. (2007). HIV inhibits CD4+ T-cell proliferation by inducing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood 109:3351–3359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bodaghi, B., Goureau, O., Zipeto, D., Laurent, L., Virelizier, J. L., Michelson, S. (1999). Role of IFN-gamma-induced indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the replication of human cytomegalovirus in retinal pigment epithelial cells. J. Immunol. 162:957–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonertz, A., Weitz, J., Pietsch, D. H., Rahbari, N. N., Schlude, C., Ge, Y., Juenger, S., Vlodavsky, I., Khazaie, K., Jaeger, D., Reissfelder, C., Antolovic, D., Aigner, M., Koch, M., Beckhove, P. (2009). Antigen-specific Tregs control T cell responses against a limited repertoire of tumor antigens in patients with colorectal carcinoma. J. Clin. Invest. 119:3311–3321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boon, T., van der Bruggen, P. (1996). Human tumor antigens recognized by T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 183:725–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandacher, G., Perathoner, A., Ladurner, R., Schneeberger, S., Obrist, P., Winkler, C., Werner, E. R., Werner-Felmayer, G., Weiss, H. G., Gobel, G., Margreiter, R., Konigsrainer, A., Fuchs, D., Amberger, A. Prognostic value of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in colorectal cancer: Effect on tumor-infiltrating T cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006;12:1144–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, D., Longman, R. S., Albert, M. L. (2005). A two-step induction of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) activity during dendritic-cell maturation. Blood 2005;106:2375–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenk, M., Scheler, M., Koch, S., Neumann, J., Takikawa, O., Hacker, G., Bieber, T., von Bubnoff, D. (2009). Tryptophan deprivation induces inhibitory receptors ILT3 and ILT4 on dendritic cells favoring the induction of human CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. J. Immunol. 183:145–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody, J. R., Costantino, C. L., Berger, A. C., Sato, T., Lisanti, M. P., Yeo, C. J., Emmons, R. V., Witkiewicz, A. K. (2009). Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in metastatic malignant melanoma recruits regulatory T cells to avoid immune detection and affects survival. Cell Cycle 8:1930–1934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calzascia, T., Loh, J. M., Di Berardino-Besson, W., Masson, F., Guillaume, P., Burkhardt, K., Herrera, P. L., Dietrich, P. Y., Walker, P. R. (2008). Peripheral tolerance limits CNS accumulation of CD8 T cells specific for an antigen shared by tumor cells and normal astrocytes. Glia 56:1625–1636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamuleau, M. E., van de Loosdrecht, A. A., Hess, C. J., Janssen, J. J., Zevenbergen, A., Delwel, R., Valk, P. J., Lowenberg, B., Ossenkoppele, G. J. (2008). High INDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) mRNA level in blasts of acute myeloid leukemic patients predicts poor clinical outcome. Haematologica 93:1894–1898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, M. Y., Smith, C., Duhadaway, J. B., Pyle, J. R., Boulden, J., Peralta Soler, A., Muller, A. J., Laury-Kleintop LD, Prendergast GC. Cardiac and gastrointestinal liabilities caused by deficiency in the immune modulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Cancer Biol Ther. 2011;12.
   Google Scholar
• Cheever, M. A. (2008). Twelve immunotherapy drugs that could cure cancers. Immunol. Rev. 222:357–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W., Liang, X., Peterson, A. J., Munn, D. H., Blazar, B. R. (2008). The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway is essential for human plasmacytoid dendritic cell-induced adaptive T regulatory cell generation. J. Immunol. 181:5396–5404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, D. J., Rossi, M., Romano, E., Ghith, J., Yuan, J., Munn, D. H., Young, J. W. (2009). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing mature human monocyte-derived dendritic cells expand potent autologous regulatory T cells. Blood 114:555–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, K. T., Gadupudi, G. S. (2011). Possible roles of excess tryptophan metabolites in cancer. Environ. Mol. Mutagen 52:81–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciorba, M. A., Bettonville, E. E., McDonald, K. G., Metz, R., Prendergast, G. C., Newberry, R. D., Stenson, W. F. (2010). Induction of IDO-1 by immunostimulatory DNA limits severity of experimental colitis. J. Immunol. 184:3907–3916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, C. E., Beatty, G. L., Vonderheide, R. H. (2009). Immunosurveillance of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: insights from genetically engineered mouse models of cancer. Cancer Lett. 279:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobbold, S. P.,, Adams E., Farquhar, C. A., Nolan, K. F., Howie, D., Lui, K. O., Fairchild, P. J., Mellor, A. L., Ron, D., Waldmann, H. (2009). Infectious tolerance via the consumption of essential amino acids and mTOR signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:12055–12060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, A. J., Huang, R. R., Lee, J., Itakura, E., Leong, S. P., Essner, R. (2006). Tumour-induced immune modulation of sentinel lymph nodes. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6:659–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo, M. P., Piconese, S. (2007). Regulatory-T-cell inhibition versus depletion: the right choice in cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 7:880–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corm, S., Berthon, C., Imbenotte, M., Biggio, V., Lhermitte, M., Dupont, C., Briche, I., Quesnel, B. (2009). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity of acute myeloid leukemia cells can be measured from patients’ sera by HPLC and is inducible by IFN-gamma. Leuk. Res. 33:490–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuenca, A., Cheng, F., Wang, H., Brayer, J., Horna, P., Gu, L., Bien, H., Borrello, I. M., Levitsky, H. I., Sotomayor, E. M. (2003). Extra-lymphatic solid tumor growth is not immunologically ignored and results in early induction of antigen-specific T-cell anergy: dominant role of cross-tolerance to tumor antigens. Cancer Res. 63:9007–9015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuffy, M. C., Silverio, A. M., Qin, L., Wang, Y., Eid, R., Brandacher, G., Lakkis, F. G., Fuchs, D., Pober, J. S., Tellides, G. (2007). Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in vascular smooth muscle cells by interferon-gamma contributes to medial immunoprivilege. J. Immunol. 179:5246–5254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curiel, T. J. (2008). Regulatory T cells and treatment of cancer. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 20:241–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curti, A., Aluigi, M., Pandolfi, S., Ferri, E., Isidori, A., Salvestrini, V., Durelli, I., Horenstein, A. L., Fiore, F., Massaia, M., Piccioli, M., Pileri, S. A., Zavatto, E., D’Addio, A., Baccarani, M., Lemoli, R. M. (2007a). Acute myeloid leukemia cells constitutively express the immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Leukemia 21:353–355.
   Google Scholar
• Curti, A., Pandolfi, S., Valzasina, B., Aluigi, M., Isidori, A., Ferri, E., Salvestrini, V., Bonanno, G., Rutella, S., Durelli, I., Horenstein, A. L., Fiore, F., Massaia, M., Colombo, M. P., Baccarani, M., Lemoli, R. M. (2007b). Modulation of tryptophan catabolism by human leukemic cells results in the conversion of CD25- into CD25+ T regulatory cells. Blood 109:2871–2877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darrasse-Jeze, G., Bergot, A. S., Durgeau, A., Billiard, F., Salomon, B. L., Cohen, J. L., Bellier, B., Podsypanina, K., Klatzmann, D. (2009). Tumor emergence is sensed by self-specific CD44hi memory Tregs that create a dominant tolerogenic environment for tumors in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 119:2648–2662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daubener, W., Remscheid, C., Nockemann, S., Pilz, K., Seghrouchni, S., Mackenzie, C., Hadding, U. (1996). Anti-parasitic effector mechanisms in human brain tumor cells: role of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Eur. J. Immunol. 26:487–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desvignes, L., Ernst, J. D. (2009). Interferon-gamma-responsive nonhematopoietic cells regulate the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunity 31:974–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiNatale, B. C., Murray, I. A., Schroeder, J. C., Flaveny, C. A., Lahoti, T. S., Laurenzana, E. M., Omiecinski, C. J., Perdew, G. H. (2010). Kynurenic acid is a potent endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand that synergistically induces interleukin-6 in the presence of inflammatory signaling. Toxicol. Sci. 115:89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Divanovic, S., Sawtell, N. M., Trompette, A., Warning, J. I., Dias, A., Cooper, A. M., Yap, G. S., Arditi, M., Shimada, K., Duhadaway, J. B., Prendergast, G. C., Basaraba, R. J., Mellor, A. L., Munn, D. H., Aliberti, J., Karp, C. L. (2012). Opposing biological functions of tryptophan catabolizing enzymes during intracellular infection. J Infect Dis. 205:152–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duluc, D., Delneste, Y., Tan, F., Moles, M. P, Grimaud, L., Lenoir, J., Preisser, L., Anegon, I., Catala, L., Ifrah, N., Descamps, P., Gamelin, E., Gascan, H., Hebbar, M., Jeannin, P. (2007).Tumor-associated leukemia inhibitory factor and IL-6 skew monocyte differentiation into tumor-associated macrophage-like cells. Blood 110:4319–4330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ercolini, A. M., Ladle, B. H., Manning, E. A., Pfannenstiel, L. W., Armstrong, T. D., Machiels, J. P., Bieler, J. G., Emens, L. A., Reilly, R. T., Jaffee, E. M. (2005). Recruitment of latent pools of high-avidity CD8(+) T cells to the antitumor immune response. J. Exp. Med. 201:1591–1602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallarino, F., Grohmann, U., You, S., McGrath, B. C., Cavener, D. R., Vacca, C., Orabona, C., Bianchi, R., Belladonna, M. L., Volpi, C., Santamaria, P., Fioretti, M. C., Puccetti, P. (2006). The combined effects of tryptophan starvation and tryptophan catabolites down-regulate T cell receptor zeta-chain and induce a regulatory phenotype in naive T cells. J. Immunol. 176:6752–6761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallarino, F., Vacca, C., Orabona, C., Belladonna, M. L., Bianchi, R., Marshall, B., Keskin, D. B., Mellor, A. L., Fioretti, M. C., Grohmann, U., Puccetti, P. (2002). Functional expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by murine CD8 alpha(+) dendritic cells. Int. Immunol. 14:65–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favre, D., Mold, J., Hunt, P. W., Kanwar, B., Loke, P., Seu, L., Barbour, J. D., Lowe, M. M., Jayawardene, A., Aweeka, F., Huang, Y., Douek, D. C., Brenchley, J. M., Martin, J. N., Hecht, F. M., Deeks, S. G., McCune, J. M. (2010). Tryptophan catabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 alters the balance of TH17 to regulatory T cells in HIV disease. Sci. Transl. Med. 2:32ra36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feder-Mengus, C., Wyler, S., Hudolin, T., Ruszat, R., Bubendorf, L., Chiarugi, A., Pittelli, M., Weber, W. P., Bachmann, A., Gasser, T. C., Sulser, T., Heberer, M., Spagnoli, G. C., Provenzano, M. (2008). High expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase gene in prostate cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 44:2266–2275.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferdinande, L., Demetter, P., Perez-Novo, C., Waeytens, A., Taildeman, J., Rottiers, I., Rottiers, P., De Vos, M., Cuvelier, C. A. (2008). Inflamed intestinal mucosa features a specific epithelial expression pattern of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 21:289–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francois, M., Romieu-Mourez, R., Li, M., Galipeau, J. (2012). Human MSC suppression correlates with cytokine induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and bystander M2 macrophage differentiation. Mol Ther. 20:187–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, D., Moller, A. A., Reibnegger, G., Stockle, E., Werner, E. R., Wachter, H. (1990). Decreased serum tryptophan in patients with HIV-1 infection correlates with increased serum neopterin and with neurologic/psychiatric symptoms. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 3:873–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujigaki, H., Saito, K., Lin, F., Fujigaki, S., Takahashi, K., Martin, B. M., Chen, C. Y., Masuda, J,, Kowalak, J., Takikawa, O., Seishima, M., Markey, S. P. (2006). Nitration and inactivation of IDO by peroxynitrite. J. Immunol. 176:372–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlini, G., Di Gennaro, P., Mariotti, G., Urso, C., Chiarugi, A., Pimpinelli, N., Borgognoni, L. (2010). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase+ cells correspond to the BDCA2+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells in human melanoma sentinel nodes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 130:898–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, R. S., Naif, H., Thuruthyil, S. J., Nasr, N., Littlejohn, T., Takikawa, O., Kapoor, V. (2000). Induction of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase in primary human macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is strain dependent. J. Virol. 74:4110–4115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grohmann, U., Orabona, C., Fallarino, F., Vacca, C., Calcinaro, F., Falorni, A., Candeloro, P., Belladonna, M. L., Bianchi, R., Fioretti, M. C., Puccetti, P. (2002). CTLA-4-Ig regulates tryptophan catabolism in vivo. Nat. Immunol. 3:1097–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grohmann, U., Volpi, C., Fallarino, F., Bozza, S., Bianchi, R., Vacca, C., Orabona, C., Belladonna, M. L., Ayroldi, E., Nocentini, G., Boon, L., Bistoni, F., Fioretti, M. C., Romani, L., Riccardi, C., Puccetti, P. (2007). Reverse signaling through GITR ligand enables dexamethasone to activate IDO in allergy. Nat. Med. 13:579–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, T., Rowswell-Turner, R. B., Kilinc, M. O., Egilmez, N. K. (2010). Central role of IFNgamma-indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase axis in regulation of interleukin-12-mediated antitumor immunity. Cancer Res. 70:129–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillemin, G. J. (2012) Quinolinic acid, the inescapable neurotoxin. FEBS J., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Guillonneau, C., Hill, M., Hubert, F. X., Chiffoleau, E., Herve, C., Li, X. L., Heslan, M., Usal, C., Tesson, L., Menoret, S., Saoudi, A., Le Mauff, B., Josien, R., Cuturi, M. C., Anegon, I. (2007). CD40Ig treatment results in allograft acceptance mediated by CD8CD45RC T cells, IFN-gamma, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J. Clin. Invest. 117:1096–1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurtner GJ, Newberry RD, Schloemann SR, McDonald KG, Stenson WF. Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase augments trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in mice. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1762–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hainz, U., Jurgens, B., Wekerle, T., Seidel, M. G., Heitger, A. (2007). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Curr. Drug Metab. 8:267–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hainz, U., Obexer, P., Winkler, C., Sedlmayr, P., Takikawa, O., Greinix, H., Lawitschka, A., Potschger, U., Fuchs, D., Ladisch, S., Heitger, A. (2005). Monocyte-mediated T-cell suppression and augmented monocyte tryptophan catabolism after human hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Blood 105:4127–4134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamid, O., Schmidt, H., Nissan, A., Ridolfi, L., Aamdal, S., Hansson, J., Guida, M., Hyams, D. M., Gomez, H., Bastholt, L., Chasalow, S. D., Berman, D. (2011). A prospective phase II trial exploring the association between tumor microenvironment biomarkers and clinical activity of ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. J. Transl. Med. 9:204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, A. M., Ball, H. J., Mitchell, A. J., Miu, J., Takikawa, O., Hunt, N. H. (2004). Increased expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in murine malaria infection is predominantly localised to the vascular endothelium. Int. J. Parasitol. 34:1309–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington, L., Srikanth, C. V., Antony, R., Rhee, S. J., Mellor, A. L., Shi, H. N., Cherayil, B. J. (2008). Deficiency of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enhances commensal-induced antibody responses and protects against Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis. Infect. Immun. 76:3045–3053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi, T., Beck, L., Rossetto, C., Gong, X., Takikawa, O., Takabayashi, K., Broide, D. H., Carson, D. A., Raz, E. (2004). Inhibition of experimental asthma by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J Clin Invest. 114:270–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi, T., Mo, J. H., Gong, X., Rossetto, C., Jang, A., Beck, L., Elliott, G. I., Kufareva, I., Abagyan, R., Broide, D. H., Lee, J., Raz, E. (2007). 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid inhibits PDK1 activation and suppresses experimental asthma by inducing T cell apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:18619–18624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, N. M., van der Most, R. G., Lake, R. A., Smyth, M. J. (2008). Immunogenic anti-cancer chemotherapy as an emerging concept. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2008;20:545–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert, A., Ng, H., Jessup, W., Kockx, M., Cartland, S., Thomas, S. R., Hogg, P. J., Wargon, O. (2011). Hypoxia regulates the production and activity of glucose transporter-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in monocyte-derived endothelial-like cells: possible relevance to infantile haemangioma pathogenesis. Br. J. Dermatol. 164:308–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildner, K., Edelson, B. T., Purtha, W. E., Diamond, M., Matsushita, H., Kohyama, M., Calderon, B., Schraml, B. U., Unanue, E. R., Diamond, M. S., Schreiber, R. D., Murphy, T. L., Murphy, K. M. (2008). Batf3 deficiency reveals a critical role for CD8alpha+ dendritic cells in cytotoxic T cell immunity. Science 322:1097–1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, E. W. (1998). Expression and regulation of interferon-gamma-induced tryptophan catabolism in cultured skin fibroblasts. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 18:509–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, D. Y., Muller, A. J., Sharma, M. D., DuHadaway, J., Banerjee, T., Johnson, M., Mellor, A. L., Prendergast, G. C., Munn, D. H. (2007). Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in dendritic cells by stereoisomers of 1-methyl-tryptophan correlates with antitumor responses. Cancer Res. 67:792–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, A., Fuchs, D., Widner, B., Glover, C., Henderson, D. C., Allen-Mersh, T. G. (2002). Serum tryptophan decrease correlates with immune activation and impaired quality of life in colorectal cancer. Br. J. Cancer 86:1691–1696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, A. Y., Golumbek, P., Ahmadzadeh, M., Jaffee, E., Pardoll, D., Levitsky, H. (1994). Role of bone marrow-derived cells in presenting MHC class I-restricted tumor antigens. Science 264:961–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwu, P., Du, M. X., Lapointe, R., Do, M., Taylor, M. W., Young, H. A. (2000). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase production by human dendritic cells results in the inhibition of T cell proliferation. J. Immunol. 164:3596–3599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ino, K., Yamamoto, E., Shibata, K., Kajiyama, H., Yoshida, N., Terauchi, M., Nawa, A., Nagasaka, T., Takikawa, O., Kikkawa, F. (2008). Inverse correlation between tumoral indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in endometrial cancer: its association with disease progression and survival. Clin. Cancer Res. 14:2310–2317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ino, K., Yoshida, N., Kajiyama, H., Shibata, K., Yamamoto, E., Kidokoro, K., Takahashi, N., Terauchi, M., Nawa, A., Nomura, S., Nagasaka, T., Takikawa, O., Kikkawa, F. (2006). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is a novel prognostic indicator for endometrial cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2006;95:1555–1561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, H., Hoshi, M., Ohtaki, H., Taguchi, A., Ando, K., Ishikawa, T., Osawa, Y., Hara, A., Moriwaki, H., Saito, K., Seishima, M. (2010). Ability of IDO to attenuate liver injury in alpha-galactosylceramide-induced hepatitis model. J. Immunol. 185:4554–4560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, M., Ogawa, K., Takeuchi, K., Nakada, A., Heishi, M., Suto, H., Mitsuishi, K., Sugita, Y., Ogawa, H., Ra, C. (2004). Gene expression of enzymes for tryptophan degradation pathway is upregulated in the skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. J. Dermatol. Sci. 36:157–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackman, K. A., Brait, V. H., Wang, Y., Maghzal, G. J., Ball, H. J., McKenzie, G., De Silva, T. M., Stocker, R., Sobey, C. G. (2011). Vascular expression, activity and function of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 following cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 383:471–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalili, R. B., Forouzandeh, F., Moeenrezakhanlou, A., Rayat, G. R., Rajotte, R. V., Uludag, H., Ghahary, A. (2009). Mouse pancreatic islets are resistant to indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase-induced general control nonderepressible-2 kinase stress pathway and maintain normal viability and function. Am. J. Pathol. 174:196–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasperson, L. K., Bucher, C., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., Mellor, A. L., Munn, D. H., Blazar, B. R. (2009). Inducing the tryptophan catabolic pathway, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), for suppression of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) lethality. Blood 114:5062–5070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasperson, L. K., Bucher, C., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., Taylor, P. A., Mellor, A. L., Munn, D. H., Blazar, B. R. (2008). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is a critical regulator of acute graft-versus-host disease lethality. Blood 111:3257–3265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia, L., Schweikart, K., Tomaszewski, J., Page, J. G., Noker, P. E., Buhrow, S. A., Reid, J. M., Ames, M. M., Munn, D. H. (2008). Toxicology and pharmacokinetics of 1-methyl-d-tryptophan: absence of toxicity due to saturating absorption. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46:203–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. A., 3rd, Kahler, D. J., Baban, B., Chandler, P. R., Kang, B., Shimoda, M., Koni, P. A., Pihkala, J., Vilagos, B., Busslinger, M., Munn, D. H., Mellor, A. L. (2010). B-lymphoid cells with attributes of dendritic cells regulate T cells via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107:10644–10648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, T. S., Munn, D. H., Maria, B. L. (2012). Modulation of tumor tolerance in primary central nervous system malignancies. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2012:1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Kallberg, E., Wikstrom, P., Bergh, A., Ivars, F., Leanderson, T. (2010). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity influence tumor growth in the TRAMP prostate cancer model. Prostate 70:1461–1470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koblish, H. K., Hansbury, M. J., Bowman, K. J., Yang, G., Neilan, C. L., Haley, P. J., Burn, T. C., Waeltz, P., Sparks, R. B., Yue, E. W., Combs, A. P., Scherle, P. A., Vaddi, K., Fridman, J. S. (2010). Hydroxyamidine inhibitors of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase potently suppress systemic tryptophan catabolism and the growth of IDO-expressing tumors. Mol. Cancer Ther. 9:489–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraman, M., Bambrough, P. J., Arnold, J. N., Roberts, E. W., Magiera, L., Jones, J. O., Gopinathan, A., Tuveson, D. A., Fearon, D. T. (2010). Suppression of antitumor immunity by stromal cells expressing fibroblast activation protein-alpha. Science 330:827–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwidzinski, E., Bechmann, I. (2007). IDO expression in the brain: a double-edged sword. J Mol Med (Berl). 85:1351–1359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwidzinski, E., Bunse, J., Aktas, O., Richter, D., Mutlu, L., Zipp, F., Nitsch, R., Bechmann, I. (2005). Indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase is expressed in the CNS and down-regulates autoimmune inflammation. FASEB J. 19:1347–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwidzinski, E., Bunse, J., Kovac, A. D., Ullrich, O., Zipp, F., Nitsch, R., Bechmann, I. (2003). IDO (indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase) expression and function in the CNS. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 527:113–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake, R. A., Robinson, B. W. (2005). Immunotherapy and chemotherapy–a practical partnership. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5:397–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. H., Torisu-Itakara, H., Cochran, A. J., Kadison, A., Huynh, Y., Morton, D. L., Essner, R. (2005). Quantitative analysis of melanoma-induced cytokine-mediated immunosuppression in melanoma sentinel nodes. Clin. Cancer Res. 11:107–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. R., Dalton, R. R., Messina, J. L., Sharma, M. D., Smith, D. M., Burgess, R. E., Mazzella, F., Antonia, S. J., Mellor, A. L., Munn, D. H. (2003). Pattern of recruitment of immunoregulatory antigen-presenting cells in malignant melanoma. Lab. Invest. 83:1457–1466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H., Liu, L., Fletcher, B. S., Visner, G.A. (2006). Novel action of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase attenuating acute lung allograft injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 173:566–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X., Shin, N., Koblish, H. K., Yang, G., Wang, Q., Wang, K., Leffet, L., Hansbury, M. J., Thomas, B., Rupar, M., Waeltz, P., Bowman, K. J., Polam, P., Sparks, R. B., Yue, E. W., Li, Y., Wynn, R., Fridman, J. S., Burn, T. C., Combs, A. P., Newton, R. C., Scherle, P. A. (2010). Selective inhibition of IDO1 effectively regulates mediators of antitumor immunity. Blood 115:3520–3530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, B. K., Jalili, R. B., Zloty, D., Ghahary, A., Cowan, B., Dutz, J. P., Carr, N., Shapiro, J., McElwee, K. J. (2011). CXCR3 ligands promote expression of functional indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in basal cell carcinoma keratinocytes. Br. J. Dermatol. 165:1030–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lob, S., Konigsrainer, A., Rammensee, H. G., Opelz, G., Terness, P. (2009a). Inhibitors of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase for cancer therapy: can we see the wood for the trees? Nat. Rev. Cancer 9:445–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lob, S., Konigsrainer, A., Schafer, R., Rammensee, H. G., Opelz, G., Terness, P. (2008). Levo- but not dextro-1-methyl tryptophan abrogates the IDO activity of human dendritic cells. Blood 111:2152–2154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lob, S., Konigsrainer, A., Zieker, D., Brucher, B. L., Rammensee, H. G., Opelz, G., Terness, P. (2009b). IDO1 and IDO2 are expressed in human tumors: levo- but not dextro-1-methyl tryptophan inhibits tryptophan catabolism. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 58:153–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurquin, C., Lethe, B., De Plaen, E., Corbiere, V., Theate, I., van Baren, N., Coulie, P. G., Boon, T. (2005). Contrasting frequencies of antitumor and anti-vaccine T cells in metastases of a melanoma patient vaccinated with a MAGE tumor antigen. J. Exp. Med. 201:249–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Y., Kepp, O., Ghiringhelli, F., Apetoh, L., Aymeric, L., Locher, C., Tesniere, A., Martins, I., Ly, A., Haynes, N. M., Smyth, M. J., Kroemer, G., Zitvogel. L. (2010). Chemotherapy and radiotherapy: cryptic anticancer vaccines. Semin. Immunol. 22:113–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maksimow, M., Miiluniemi, M., Marttila-Ichihara, F., Jalkanen, S., Hanninen, A. (2006). Antigen targeting to endosomal pathway in dendritic cell vaccination activates regulatory T cells and attenuates tumor immunity. Blood 108:1298–1305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malone, D. G., Dolan, P. W., Brown, R. R., Kalayoglu, M. V., Arend, R. A., Byrne, G. I., Ozaki, Y. (1994). Interferon gamma induced production of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase in cultured human synovial cells. J. Rheumatol. 21:1011–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manches, O., Munn, D., Fallahi, A., Lifson, J., Chaperot, L., Plumas, J., Bhardwaj, N. (2008). HIV-activated human plasmacytoid DCs induce Tregs through an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-dependent mechanism. J. Clin. Invest. 118:3431–3439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manlapat, A. K., Kahler, D. J., Chandler, P. R., Munn, D. H., Mellor, A. L. (2007). Cell-autonomous control of interferon type I expression by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in regulatory CD19+ dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 37:1064–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansfield, A. S., Heikkila, P. S., Vaara, A. T., von Smitten, K. A., Vakkila, J. M., Leidenius, M. H. (2009). Simultaneous Foxp3 and IDO expression is associated with sentinel lymph node metastases in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 9:231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, N. B., Kerkvliet, N. I. (2010). Dioxin and immune regulation: emerging role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the generation of regulatory T cells. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1183:25–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matteoli, G., Mazzini, E., Iliev, I. D., Mileti, E., Fallarino, F., Puccetti, P., Chieppa, M., Rescigno, M. (2010). Gut CD103+ dendritic cells express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase which influences T regulatory/T effector cell balance and oral tolerance induction. Gut 59:595–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor, A. L., Baban, B., Chandler, P., Marshall, B., Jhaver, K., Hansen, A., Koni, P. A., Iwashima, M., Munn, D. H. (2003). Cutting edge: induced indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase expression in dendritic cell subsets suppresses T cell clonal expansion. J. Immunol.171:1652–1655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor, A. L,, Baban, B., Chandler, P. R., Manlapat, A., Kahler, D. J., Munn, D. H. (2005). Cutting edge: CpG oligonucleotides induce splenic CD19+ dendritic cells to acquire potent indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-dependent T cell regulatory functions via IFN Type 1 signaling. J. Immunol. 175:5601–5605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor, A. L., Chandler, P., Baban, B., Hansen, A. M., Marshall, B., Pihkala, J., Waldmann, H., Cobbold, S., Adams, E., Munn, D. H. (2004). Specific subsets of murine dendritic cells acquire potent T cell regulatory functions following CTLA4-mediated induction of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase. Int. Immunol.16:1391–1401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor, A. L., Keskin, D. B., Johnson, T., Chandler, P., Munn, D. H. (2002). Cells expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibit T cell responses. J. Immunol. 168:3771–3776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor, A. L., Munn, D. H. (2008). Creating immune privilege: active local suppression that benefits friends, but protects foes. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8:74–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor, A. L., Munn, D. H. (2011). Physiologic control of the functional status of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. J. Immunol. 186:4535–4540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor, A. L., Sivakumar, J., Chandler, P., Smith, K., Molina, H., Mao, D., Munn, D. H. (2001). Prevention of T cell-driven complement activation and inflammation by tryptophan catabolism during pregnancy. Nat. Immunol. 2:64–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz, R., Duhadaway, J. B., Kamasani, U., Laury-Kleintop, L., Muller, A. J., Prendergast, G. C. (2007). Novel tryptophan catabolic enzyme IDO2 is the preferred biochemical target of the antitumor indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitory compound D-1-methyl-tryptophan. Cancer Res. 67:7082–7087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezrich, J. D., Fechner, J. H., Zhang, X., Johnson, B. P., Burlingham, W. J., Bradfield, C. A. (2010). An interaction between kynurenine and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor can generate regulatory T cells. J. Immunol. 185:3190–3198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki, T., Moritake, K., Yamada, K., Hara, N., Osago, H., Shibata, T., Akiyama, Y., Tsuchiya, M. (2009). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase as a new target for malignant glioma therapy. Laboratory investigation. J. Neurosurg. 111:230–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohib, K., Wang, S., Guan, Q., Mellor, A. L., Sun, H., Du, C., Jevnikar, A. M. (2008). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression promotes renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 295:F226–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, A. J., DuHadaway, J. B., Donover, P. S., Sutanto-Ward, E. (2005a). Prendergast GC. Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, an immunoregulatory target of the cancer suppression gene Bin1, potentiates cancer chemotherapy. Nat. Med. 11:312–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, A. J., DuHadaway, J. B., Jaller, D., Curtis, P., Metz, R., Prendergast, G. C. (2010). Immunotherapeutic suppression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tumor growth with ethyl pyruvate. Cancer Res. 70:1845–1853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, A. J., Malachowski, W. P., Prendergast, G. C. (2005b). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in cancer: targeting pathological immune tolerance with small-molecule inhibitors. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 9:831–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, A. J., Scherle, P. A. (2006). Targeting the mechanisms of tumoral immune tolerance with small-molecule inhibitors. Nat. Rev. Cancer 6:613–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, A. J., Sharma, M. D., Chandler, P. R., Duhadaway, J. B., Everhart, M. E., Johnson, B. A., 3rd, Kahler, D. J., Pihkala, J., Soler, A. P., Munn, D. H., Prendergast, G. C., Mellor, A. L. (2008). Chronic inflammation that facilitates tumor progression creates local immune suppression by inducing indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA105:17073–17078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munn, D. H., Mellor, A. L. (2007). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tumor-induced tolerance. J Clin Invest. 117:1147–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munn, D. H., Mellor, A. L., Rossi, M., Young, J. W. (2005a). Dendritic cells have the option to express IDO-mediated suppression or not. Blood 105:2618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munn, D. H., Shafizadeh, E., Attwood, J. T., Bondarev, I., Pashine, A., Mellor, A. L. (1999). Inhibition of T cell proliferation by macrophage tryptophan catabolism. J. Exp. Med. 189:1363–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munn, D. H., Sharma, M. D., Baban, B., Harding, H. P., Zhang, Y., Ron, D., Mellor, A. L. (2005b). GCN2 kinase in T cells mediates proliferative arrest and anergy induction in response to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Immunity 22:633–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munn, D. H., Sharma, M. D., Hou, D., Baban, B., Lee, J. R., Antonia, S. J., Messina, J. L., Chandler, P., Koni, P. A., Mellor, A. L. (2004a). Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. J. Clin. Invest. 114:280–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munn, D. H., Sharma, M. D., Lee, J. R., Jhaver, K. G., Johnson, T. S., Keskin, D. B., Marshall, B., Chandler, P., Antonia, S. J., Burgess, R., Slingluff, C. L., Jr., Mellor, A. L.. (20002). Potential regulatory function of human dendritic cells expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Science 297:1867–1870.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munn, D. H., Sharma, M. D., Mellor, A. L. (2004b). Ligation of B7-1/B7-2 by human CD4+ T cells triggers indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 172:4100–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munn, D. H., Zhou, M., Attwood, J. T., Bondarev, I., Conway, S. J., Marshall, B., Brown, C., Mellor, A. L. (1998). Prevention of allogeneic fetal rejection by tryptophan catabolism. Science 281:1191–1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano, S., Takai, K., Isaka, Y., Takahashi, S., Unno, Y., Ogo, N., Matsuno, K., Takikawa, O., Asai, A. ( ).Identification of novel kynurenine production-inhibiting benzenesulfonamide derivatives in cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 419:556–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, J. L., Furst, D. E., Maloney, S., Gooley, T., Evans, P. C., Smith, A., Bean, M. A., Ober, C., Bianchi, D. W. (1998). Microchimerism and HLA-compatible relationships of pregnancy in scleroderma. Lancet 351:559–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, N. .T, Kimura, A., Nakahama, T., Chinen, I., Masuda, K., Nohara, K., Fujii-Kuriyama, Y., Kishimoto, T. (2010). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor negatively regulates dendritic cell immunogenicity via a kynurenine-dependent mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107:19961–19966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochsenbein, A. F., Klenerman, P., Karrer, U., Ludewig, B., Pericin, M., Hengartner, H., Zinkernagel, R. M. (1999). Immune surveillance against a solid tumor fails because of immunological ignorance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:2233–2238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odemuyiwa, S. O., Ebeling, C., Duta, V., Abel, M., Puttagunta, L., Cravetchi, O., Majaesic, C., Vliagoftis, H., Moqbel, R. (2009). Tryptophan catabolites regulate mucosal sensitization to ovalbumin in respiratory airways. Allergy 64:488–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto, A., Nikaido, T., Ochiai, K., Takakura, S., Saito, M., Aoki, Y., Ishii, N., Yanaihara, N., Yamada, K., Takikawa, O., Kawaguchi, R., Isonishi, S., Tanaka, T., Urashima, M. (2005). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase serves as a marker of poor prognosis in gene expression profiles of serous ovarian cancer cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 11:6030–6039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opitz, C. A., Litzenburger, U. M., Sahm, F., Ott, M., Tritschler, I., Trump, S., Schumacher, T., Jestaedt, L., Schrenk, D., Weller, M., Jugold, M., Guillemin, G. J., Miller, C. L., Lutz, C., Radlwimmer, B., Lehmann, I., von Deimling, A., Wick, W., Platten, M. (2011). An endogenous tumour-promoting ligand of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nature 478:197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orabona, C., Pallotta, M. T., Volpi, C., Fallarino, F., Vacca, C., Bianchi, R., Belladonna, M. L., Fioretti, M. C., Grohmann, U., Puccetti, P. (2008). SOCS3 drives proteasomal degradation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and antagonizes IDO-dependent tolerogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:20828–2033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orabona, C., Puccetti, P., Vacca, C., Bicciato, S., Luchini, A., Fallarino, F., Bianchi, R., Velardi, E., Perruccio, K., Velardi, A., Bronte, V., Fioretti, M. C., Grohmann, U. (2006). Toward the identification of a tolerogenic signature in IDO-competent dendritic cells. Blood 107:2846–2854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paveglio, S. A., Allard, J., Foster Hodgkins, S. R., Ather, J. L., Bevelander, M., Campbell, J. M., Whittaker LeClair, L. A., McCarthy, S. M., van der Vliet, A., Suratt, B. T., Boyson, J. E., Uematsu, S., Akira, S., Poynter, M. E. (2011). Airway epithelial indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibits CD4+ T cells during Aspergillus fumigatus antigen exposure. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 44:11–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peggs, K. S., Quezada, S. A., Allison, J. P. (2008). Cell intrinsic mechanisms of T-cell inhibition and application to cancer therapy. Immunol. Rev. 224:141–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilotte, L., Larrieu, P., Stroobant, V., Colau, D., Dolusic, E., Frederick, R., De Plaen, E., Uyttenhove, C., Wouters, J., Masereel, B., Van den Eynde, B. J. (in press). Reversal of tumoral immune resistance by inhibition of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsypanina, K., Li, Y., Varmus, H. E. (2004). Evolution of somatic mutations in mammary tumors in transgenic mice is influenced by the inherited genotype. BMC Med. 2:24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polak, M. E., Borthwick, N. J., Gabriel, F. G., Johnson, P., Higgins, B., Hurren, J., McCormick, D., Jager, M. J., Cree, I. A. (2007). Mechanisms of local immunosuppression in cutaneous melanoma. Br J Cancer 96:1879–1887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popov, A., Abdullah, Z., Wickenhauser, C., Saric, T., Driesen, J., Hanisch, F. G., Domann, E., Raven, E. L., Dehus, O., Hermann, C., Eggle, D., Debey, S., Chakraborty, T., Kronke, M., Utermohlen, O., Schultze, J. L.. (2006). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing dendritic cells form suppurative granulomas following Listeria monocytogenes infection. J. Clin. Invest. 116:3160–3170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potula, R., Poluektova, L., Knipe, B., Chrastil, J., Heilman, D., Dou, H., Takikawa, O., Munn, D. H., Gendelman, H. E., Persidsky, Y. (2005). Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enhances elimination of virus-infected macrophages in an animal model of HIV-1 encephalitis. Blood 106:2382–2390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, J. D., Delgoffe, G. M. (2010). The mammalian target of rapamycin: linking T cell differentiation, function, and metabolism. Immunity 33:301–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, F., Villella, J., Wallace, P. K., Mhawech-Fauceglia, P., Tario, J. D., Jr., Andrews, C., Matsuzaki, J., Valmori, D., Ayyoub, M., Frederick, P. J., Beck, A., Liao, J., Cheney, R., Moysich, K., Lele, S., Shrikant, P., Old, L. J., Odunsi, K. (2009). Efficacy of levo-1-methyl tryptophan and dextro-1-methyl tryptophan in reversing indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-mediated arrest of T-cell proliferation in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 69:5498–5504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quezada, S. A., Peggs, K. S., Simpson, T. R., Allison, J. P. (2011). Shifting the equilibrium in cancer immunoediting: from tumor tolerance to eradication. Immunol. Rev. 241:104–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quezada, S. A., Peggs, K. S., Simpson, T. R., Shen, Y., Littman, D. R., Allison, J. P. (2008). Limited tumor infiltration by activated T effector cells restricts the therapeutic activity of regulatory T cell depletion against established melanoma. J. Exp. Med. 205:2125–2138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintana, F. J., Basso, A. S., Iglesias, A. H., Korn, T., Farez, M. F., Bettelli, E., Caccamo, M., Oukka, M., Weiner, H. L. (2008). Control of T(reg) and T(H)17 cell differentiation by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nature 453:65–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishnan, R., Antonia, S., Gabrilovich, D. I. (2008). Combined modality immunotherapy and chemotherapy: a new perspective. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 257:1523–1529.
   Google Scholar
• Ratajczak, P., Janin, A., Peffault de Larour, R., Koch, L., Roche, B., Munn, D., Blazar, B. R., Socie, G. (2012). IDO in human gut graft-vs-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 18:150–155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ravishankar, B., Liu, H., Shinde, R., Chandler, P., Baban, B., Tanaka, M., Munn, D. H., Mellor, A. L., Karlsson, M. C., McGaha, T. L. (2012) Tolerance to apoptotic cells is regulated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Ribas, A., Comin-Anduix, B., Economou, J. S., Donahue, T. R., de la Rocha, P., Morris, L. F., Jalil, J., Dissette, V. B., Shintaku, I. P., Glaspy, J. A., Gomez-Navarro, J., Cochran, A. J. (2009). Intratumoral immune cell infiltrates, FoxP3, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in patients with melanoma undergoing CTLA4 blockade. Clin. Cancer Res. 15:390–399.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, P. C., Quiceno, D. G., Ochoa, A. C. (2007). L-arginine availability regulates T-lymphocyte cell-cycle progression. Blood 109:1568–1573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani, L., Fallarino, F., De Luca, A., Montagnoli, C., D’Angelo, C., Zelante, T., Vacca, C., Bistoni, F., Fioretti, M. C., Grohmann, U., Segal, B. H., Puccetti, P. (2008). Defective tryptophan catabolism underlies inflammation in mouse chronic granulomatous disease. Nature 451:211–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutella, S., Bonanno, G., Procoli, A., Mariotti, A., de Ritis, D. G., Curti, A., Danese, S., Pessina, G., Pandolfi, S., Natoni, F., Di Febo, A., Scambia, G., Manfredini, R., Salati, S., Ferrari, S., Pierelli, L., Leone, G., Lemoli, R. M. (2010). Hepatocyte growth factor favors monocyte differentiation into regulatory interleukin (IL)-10++IL-12low/neg accessory cells with dendritic-cell features. Blood 108:218–227.
   Google Scholar
• Schreiber, H., Rowley, D. A. (2010). Cancer. Awakening immunity. Science 330:761–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber, R. D., Old, L. J., Smyth, M. J. (2011). Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunity’s roles in cancer suppression and promotion. Science 331:1565–1570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, M. D., Baban, B., Chandler, P., Hou, D. Y., Singh, N., Yagita, H., Azuma, M., Blazar, B. R., Mellor, A. L., Munn, D. H. (2007). Plasmacytoid dendritic cells from mouse tumor-draining lymph nodes directly activate mature Tregs via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J. Clin. Invest.117:2570–2582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, M. D., Hou, D. Y., Baban, B., Koni, P. A., He, Y., Chandler, P. R., Blazar, B. R., Mellor, A. L., Munn, D. H. (2010). Reprogrammed foxp3(+) regulatory T cells provide essential help to support cross-presentation and CD8(+) T cell priming in naive mice. Immunity 33:942–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, M. D., Hou, D. Y., Liu, Y., Koni, P. A., Metz, R., Chandler, P., Mellor, A. L., He, Y., Munn, D. H. (2009). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase controls conversion of Foxp3+ Tregs to TH17-like cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Blood 113:6102–6111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields, J. D., Kourtis, I. C., Tomei, A. A., Roberts, J. M., Swartz, M. A. (2010). Induction of lymphoidlike stroma and immune escape by tumors that express the chemokine CCL21. Science 328:749–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliman, H., Mediavilla-Varela, M., Antonia, S. (2010). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: is it an immune suppressor? Cancer J. 16:354–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliman, H. H., Antonia, S. J., Sullivan, D., Vanahanian, N., Link, C. (2009). Overcoming tumor antigen anergy in human malignancies using the novel indeolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme inhibitor, 1-methyl-D-tryptophan (1MT). J. Clin. Oncol. 27:3004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotomayor, E. M., Borrello, I., Rattis, F. M., Cuenca, A. G., Abrams, J., Staveley-O’Carroll, K., Levitsky, H. I. (2001). Cross-presentation of tumor antigens by bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells is the dominant mechanism in the induction of T-cell tolerance during B-cell lymphoma progression. Blood 98:1070–1077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiotto, M. T., Yu, P., Rowley, D. A., Nishimura, M. I., Meredith, S. C., Gajewski, T. F., Fu, Y. X., Schreiber, H. (2002). Increasing tumor antigen expression overcomes “ignorance” to solid tumors via crosspresentation by bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Immunity 17:737–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, T. W., Darlington, L. G. (2002). Endogenous kynurenines as targets for drug discovery and development. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 1:609–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto, H., Oda, S., Otsuki, T., Hino, T., Yoshida, T., Shiro, Y. (2006). Crystal structure of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: catalytic mechanism of O2 incorporation by a heme-containing dioxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:2611–2616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundrud, M. S., Koralov, S. B., Feuerer, M., Calado, D. P., Kozhaya, A. E., Rhule-Smith, A., Lefebvre, R. E., Unutmaz, D., Mazitschek, R., Waldner, H., Whitman, M., Keller, T., Rao, A. (2009). Halofuginone inhibits TH17 cell differentiation by activating the amino acid starvation response. Science 2009;324:1334–1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung, V., Venkateshan, C. N., Williamson, L., Ward, R., Espey, M. G., Gibbs, C. J., Jr., Moffett, J. R., Namboodiri, M. A. (1997). Immuno-electron microscopy reveals that the excitotoxin quinolinate is associated with the plasma membrane in human peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages. Cell Tissue Res. 290:633–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson, K. A., Zheng, Y., Heidler, K. M., Mizobuchi, T., Wilkes, D. S. (2004). CDllc+ cells modulate pulmonary immune responses by production of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 30:311–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tas, S. W., Vervoordeldonk, M. J., Hajji, N., Schuitemaker, J. H., van der Sluijs, K. F., May, M. J., Ghosh, S., Kapsenberg, M. L., Tak, P. P., de Jong, E. C. (2007). Noncanonical NF-kappaB signaling in dendritic cells is required for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) induction and immune regulation. Blood 110:1540–1549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, M. W., Feng, G. S. (1991). Relationship between interferon-gamma, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and tryptophan catabolism. FASEB J. 5:2516–2522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terness, P., Chuang, J. J., Bauer, T., Jiga, L., Opelz, G. (2005). Regulation of human auto- and alloreactive T cells by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-producing dendritic cells: too much ado about IDO? Blood 105:2480–2486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thebault, P., Condamine, T., Heslan, M., Hill, M., Bernard, I., Saoudi, A., Josien, R., Anegon, I., Cuturi, M. C., Chiffoleau, E. (2007). Role of IFNgamma in allograft tolerance mediated by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by induction of IDO in endothelial cells. Am. J. Transplant. 7:2472–2482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, S. M., Garrity, L. F., Brandt, C. R., Schobert, C. S., Feng, G. S., Taylor, M. W., Carlin, J. M., Byrne, G. I. (1993). IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial response. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-deficient mutant host cells no longer inhibit intracellular Chlamydia spp. or Toxoplasma growth. J. Immunol. 150:5529–5534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uyttenhove, C., Pilotte, L., Theate, I., Stroobant, V., Colau, D., Parmentier, N., Boon, T., Van den Eynde, B. J. (2003). Evidence for a tumoral immune resistance mechanism based on tryptophan degradation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Nat. Med. 9:1269–1274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vacca, C., Fallarino, F., Perruccio, K., Orabona, C., Bianchi, R., Gizzi, S., Velardi, A., Fioretti, M.C., Puccetti, P., Grohmann, U. (2005). CD40 ligation prevents onset of tolerogenic properties in human dendritic cells treated with CTLA-4-Ig. Microbes Infect. 7:1040–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Marel, A. P., Samsom, J. N., Greuter, M., van Berkel, L. A., O’Toole, T., Kraal, G., Mebius, R. E. (2007). Blockade of IDO inhibits nasal tolerance induction. J. Immunol. 179:894–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vence, L., Palucka, A. K., Fay, J. W., Ito, T., Liu, Y. J., Banchereau, J., Ueno, H. (2007). Circulating tumor antigen-specific regulatory T cells in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:20884–20889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel, C. F., Goth, S. R., Dong, B., Pessah, I. N., Matsumura, F. (2008). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling mediates expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 375:331–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Bergwelt-Baildon, M. S., Popov, A., Saric, T., Chemnitz, J., Classen, S., Stoffel, M. S., Fiore, F., Roth, U., Beyer, M., Debey, S., Wickenhauser, C., Hanisch, F. G., Schultze, J. L. (2006). CD25 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase are up-regulated by prostaglandin E2 and expressed by tumor-associated dendritic cells in vivo: additional mechanisms of T-cell inhibition. Blood 108:228–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wek, R. C., Jiang, H. Y., Anthony, T. G. (2006). Coping with stress: eIF2 kinases and translational control. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34:7–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, K. M., Hakim, F. T. (2007). Gress RE. T cell immune reconstitution following lymphodepletion. Semin. Immunol. 19:318–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willimsky, G., Blankenstein, T. (2005). Sporadic immunogenic tumours avoid destruction by inducing T-cell tolerance. Nature 437:141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willimsky, G., Czeh, M., Loddenkemper, C., Gellermann, J., Schmidt, K., Wust, P., Stein, H., Blankenstein, T. (2008). Immunogenicity of premalignant lesions is the primary cause of general cytotoxic T lymphocyte unresponsiveness. J. Exp. Med. 205:1687–1700.
   Google Scholar
• Witkiewicz, A., Williams, T. K., Cozzitorto, J., Durkan, B., Showalter, S. L., Yeo, C. J., Brody, J. R. (2008). Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma recruits regulatory T cells to avoid immune detection. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 206:849–854; discussion 854–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkiewicz, A. K., Costantino, C. L., Metz, R., Muller, A. J., Prendergast, G. C., Yeo, C. J., Brody, J. R. (2009). Genotyping and expression analysis of IDO2 in human pancreatic cancer: a novel, active target. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 208:781–787; discussion 787–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wobser, M., Voigt, H., Houben, R., Eggert, A. O., Freiwald, M., Kaemmerer, U., Kaempgen, E., Schrama, D., Becker, J. C. (2007). Dendritic cell based antitumor vaccination: impact of functional indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 56:1017–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, M. L., Wang, Y. D., Tian, Y. F., Lai, Z. D., Yan, L. N. (2010a). Inhibition of allogeneic T-cell response by Kupffer cells expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. World J. Gastroenterol. 16:636–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, Y., Zhang, G. X., Gran, B., Fallarino, F., Yu, S., Li, H., Cullimore, M. L., Rostami, A., Xu, H. (2010b). IDO upregulates regulatory T cells via tryptophan catabolite and suppresses encephalitogenic T cell responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 185:5953–5961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, J., Sun, J., Wang, S. E., Li, H., Cao, S., Cong, Y., Liu, J., Ren, X. (2011). Upregulated expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in primary breast cancer correlates with increase of infiltrated regulatory T cells in situ and lymph node metastasis. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2011:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, P., Lee, Y., Liu, W., Krausz, T., Chong, A., Schreiber, H., Fu, Y. X. (2005). Intratumor depletion of CD4+ cells unmasks tumor immunogenicity leading to the rejection of late-stage tumors. J. Exp. Med. 201:779–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, W., Collado-Hidalgo, A., Yufit, T., Taylor, M., Varga, J. (1998). Modulation of cellular tryptophan metabolism in human fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta: selective inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene expression. J. Cell Physiol. 177:174–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, E. W., Douty, B., Wayland, B., Bower, M., Liu, X., Leffet, L., Wang, Q., Bowman, K. J., Hansbury, M. J., Liu, C., Wei, M., Li, Y., Wynn, R., Burn, T. C., Koblish, H. K., Fridman, J. S., Metcalf, B., Scherle, P. A., Combs, A. P. (2009). Discovery of potent competitive inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase with in vivo pharmacodynamic activity and efficacy in a mouse melanoma model. J. Med. Chem. 52:7364–7367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, B., Bowerman, N. A., Salama, J. K., Schmidt, H., Spiotto, M. T., Schietinger, A., Yu, P., Fu, Y. X., Weichselbaum, R. R., Rowley, D. A., Kranz, D. M., Schreiber, H. (2007). Induced sensitization of tumor stroma leads to eradication of established cancer by T cells. J. Exp. Med. 204:49–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, G., Liu, W. L., Zhang, L., Wang, J. Y., Kuang, M. H., Liu, P., Lin, Y. H., Dai, S. Q., Du, J. (2011). Involvement of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in impairing tumor-infiltrating CD8 T-cell functions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2011:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, G., Drake, C. G., Levitsky, H. I. (2006). Amplification of tumor-specific regulatory T cells following therapeutic cancer vaccines. Blood 107:628–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zitvogel, L., Apetoh, L., Ghiringhelli, F., Andre, F., Tesniere, A., Kroemer, G. (2008a). The anticancer immune response: indispensable for therapeutic success? J. Clin. Invest. 118:1991–2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zitvogel, L., Apetoh, L., Ghiringhelli, F., Kroemer, G. (2008b). Immunological aspects of cancer chemotherapy. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8:59–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar