357
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Surgical Treatment for Macular Edema

&
Pages 242-256 | Received 11 Oct 2012, Accepted 11 Apr 2013, Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Irvine SR. A newly defined vitreous syndrome following cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1953;36:499–619
  • Illif CE. Treatment of the vitreous-tug syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1966;62:856–859
  • Tso MO. Pathology of cystoid macular edema. Ophthalmology 1982;89:902–915
  • Noma H, Funatsu H, Yamasaki M, et al. Pathogenesis of macular edema with branch retinal vein occlusion and intraocular levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;140:256–261
  • Adamis AP, Miller JW, Bernal MT, et al. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the vitreous of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;118:445–450
  • Cohen T, Nahari D, Cerem LW, et al. Interleukin 6 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biol Chem 1996;271:736–741
  • Cunha-Vaz JG. The blood–retinal barriers. Doc Ophthalmol 1976;41:287–327
  • Vane J, Botting R. Inflammation and the mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory drugs. FASEB J 1987;1:89–96
  • Rothova A, Suttorp-van Schulten MS, Frits Treffers W, Kijlstra A. Causes and frequency of blindness in patients with intraocular inflammatory disease. Br J Ophthalmol 1996;80:332–336
  • Taylor HR. LXIII Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture: eye care: Dollars and sense. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;143:1–8
  • Tranos PG, Wickremasinghe SS, Stangos NT, et al. Macular edema. Surv Ophthalmol 2004;49:470–490
  • Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Ikeda T, et al. Vitreous levels of interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor are related to diabetic macular oedema. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1690–1696
  • Harbour JW, Smiddy WE, Rubsamen PE, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy for chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;120:302–307
  • Pendergast SD, Hassan TS, Williams GA, et al. Vitrectomy for diffuse diabetic macular edema associated with a taut premacular posterior hyaloid. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:178–186
  • Watanabe M, Oshima Y, Emil K. Optical cross-sectional observation of resolved diabetic macular edema associated with vitreomacular separation. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129:264–267
  • Kadonosono K, Itoh N, Ohno S. Perifoveal microcirculation before and after vitrectomy for diabetic cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:740–744
  • Kaiser PK, Reimann CD, Sears JE, Lewis H. Macular traction detachment and diabetic macular edema associated with posterior hyaloidal traction. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;131:44–49
  • Schepens CL, Avila MP, Jalkh AE, Trempe CL. Role of the vitreous in cystoid macular edema. Surv Ophthalmol 1984;28(suppl):499–504
  • Gulkilik G, Kocabora S, Taskapili M, Engin G. Cystoid macular edema after phacoemulsification: risk factors and effect on visual acuity. Can J Ophthalmol 2006;41:699–703
  • Fung WE. Anterior vitrectomy for chronic aphakic cystoid macular edema. Ophthalmology 1980;87:189–193
  • Fung WE. Vitrectomy for chronic aphakic cystoid macular edema. Results of a national, collaborative, prospective, randomized investigation. Ophthalmology 1985;92:1102–1111
  • Pendergast SD, Margherio RR, Williams GA, Cox MS Jr.. Vitrectomy for chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;128:317–323
  • Peyman GA, Canakis C, Livir-Rallatos C, Conway MD. The effect of internal limiting membrane peeling on chronic recalcitrant pseudophakic cystoid macular edema: a report of two cases. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;133:571–572
  • Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number. 1. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:1796–1806
  • Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. A randomized trial comparing intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2008;115:1447–1459
  • Boyer DS, Faber D, Gupta S, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for treatment of diabetic macular edema in vitrectomized patients. Retina 2011;31:915–923
  • , Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research NetworkElman MJ, Aiello LP, et al. Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2010;117:1064–1077
  • Massin P, Bandello F, Garweg JG, et al. Safety and efficacy of ranibizumab in diabetic macular edema (RESOLVE Study): a 12-month, randomized, controlled, double-masked, multicenter phase II study. Diabetes Care 2010;33:2399–2405
  • Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al; RESTORE study group. The RESTORE study: ranibizumab monotherapy or combined with laser versus laser monotherapy for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2011;118:615–625
  • Nasrallah FP, Jalkh AE, Van Coppenolle F, et al. The role of the vitreous on the diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 1988;95:1335–1339
  • Sebag J, Balazs EA. Pathogenesis of cystoid macular edema: an anatomic consideration of vitreoretinal adhesions. Surv Ophthalmol 1984;28 Suppl:493–498
  • Sebag J, Buckingham B, Charles MA, Reiser K. Biochemical abnormalities in vitreous of humans with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110:1472–1476
  • Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Cruickshanks KJ. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XVII. The 14-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type 1 diabetes. Ophthalmology 1998;105:1801–1815
  • Lewis H, Abrams GW, Blumenkranz MS, Campo RV. Vitrectomy for diabetic macular traction and edema associated with posterior hyaloidal traction. Ophthalmology 1992;99:753–759
  • Lopes de Faria JM, Jalkh AE, Trempe CL, McMeel JW. Diabetic macular edema: risk factors and concomitants. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1999;77:170–175
  • Hikichi T, Fujio N, Akiba J, et al. Association between the short-term natural history of diabetic macular edema and the vitreomacular relationship in type II diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology 1997;104:473–478
  • Yamamoto T, Yamamoto S, Takeuchi S. Pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema with posterior vitreous detachment. J Eye 2000;17:133–138
  • Tachi N, Ogino N. Vitrectomy for diffuse macular edema in cases of diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;122:258–260
  • Stefánsson E, Novack RL, Hatchell DL. Vitrectomy prevents retinal hypoxia in branch retinal vein occlusion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990;31(2):284–289
  • Christoforidis JB, D’Amico DJ. Surgical and other treatments of diabetic macular edema: an update. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2004;44:139–160
  • , Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network Writing CommitteeHaller JA, Qin H, et al. Vitrectomy outcomes in eyes with diabetic macular edema and vitreomacular traction. Ophthalmology 2010;117(6):1087–1093
  • Kumagai K, Furukawa M, Ogino N, et al. Long-term follow-up of vitrectomy for diffuse nontractional diabetic macular edema. Retina 2009;29:464–472
  • Recchia FM, Ruby AJ, Carvalho Recchia CA. Pars plana vitrectomy with removal of the internal limiting membrane in the treatment of persistent diabetic macular edemal. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;139:447–454
  • Stolba U, Binder S, Gruber D, et al. Vitrectomy for persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;140:295–301
  • Stefaniotou M, Aspiotis M, Kalogeropoulos C, et al. Vitrectomy results for diffuse diabetic macular edema with and without inner limiting membrane removal. Eur J Ophthalmol 2004;14:137–143
  • Bahadir M, Ertan A, Mertoğlu O. Visual acuity comparison of vitrectomy with and without internal limiting membrane removal in the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Int Ophthalmol 2005;26(1–2):3–8
  • Gandorfer A, Messmer EM, Ulbig MW, Kampik A. Resolution of diabetic macular edema after surgical removal of the posterior hyaloid and the inner limiting membrane. Retina 2000;20:126–133
  • Matsunaga N, Ozeki H, Hirabayashi Y, et al. Histopathologic evaluation of the internal limiting membrane surgically excised from eyes with diabetic maculopathy. Retina 2005;25:311–316
  • Radetzky S, Walter P, Fauser S, et al. Visual outcome of patients with macular edema after pars plana vitrectomy and indocyanine green-assisted peeling of the internal limiting membrane. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004;242:273–278
  • Stefánsson E. Therapeutic effects of retinal laser treatment and vitrectomy. A theory based on oxygen and vascular physiology. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2001;79:435–440
  • Uckermann O, Uhlmann S, Pannicke T, et al. Ischemia-reperfusion causes exudative detachment of the rabbit retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:2592–2600
  • Stefánsson E. Physiology of vitreoussurgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009;247(2):147–163
  • Gandorfer A, Rohleder M, Grosselfinger S, et al. Epiretinal pathology of diffuse diabetic macular edema associated with vitreomacular traction. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;139:638–652
  • Sonada KH, Sakamoto T, Enaida H, et al. Residual vitreous cortex after surgical posterior vitreous separation visualized by intravitreous triamcinolone acetonide. Ophthalmology 2004;111:226–230
  • Hoerauf H, Brüggemann A, Muecke M, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema. Internal limiting membrane delamination vs posterior hyaloid removal. A prospective randomized trial. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011;249:997–1008
  • Augustin AJ, Spitznas M, Koch F, et al. Indications of oxidative tissue damage and inflammatory activity in epiretinal membranes of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy and macular pucker. Ger J Ophthalmol 1995;4:47–51
  • Goldenberg DT, Hassan TS. Small gauge, sutureless surgery techniques for diabetic vitrectomy. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2009;49:141–151
  • Park DH, Shin JP, Kim SY. Comparison of clinical outcomes between 23-gauge and 20-gauge vitrectomy in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Retina 2010;30:1662–1670
  • Yang SJ, Yoon SY, Kim JG, Yoon YH. Transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy for the treatment of vitreoretinal complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:461–466
  • Oshima Y, Wakabayashi T, Sato T, et al. A 27-gauge instrument system for transconjunctival sutureless microincision vitrectomy surgery. Ophthalmology 2010;117:93–102
  • Kang SW, Park SC, Cho HY, Kang JH. Triple therapy of vitrectomy, intravitreal triamcinolone, and macular laser photocoagulation for intractable diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;144:878–885
  • Mochizuki Y, Hata Y, Enaida H, et al. Evaluating adjunctive surgical procedures during vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema. Retina 2006;26:143–148
  • Lopez-Lopez F, Rodriguez-Blanco M, Gomez-Ulla F, Marticorena J. Enzymatic vitreolysis. Curr Diabetes Rev 2009;5:57–62
  • Benz MS, Packo KH, Gonzalez V, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of microplasmin intravitreous injection to facilitate posterior vitreous detachment before vitrectomy. Ophthalmology 2010;117:791–797
  • Diaz-Llopis M, Udaondo P, Arevalo F, et al. Intravitreal plasmin without associated vitrectomy as a treatment for refractory diabetic macular edema. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2009;25:379–384
  • Grigorian R, Bhagat N, Lanzetta P, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy for refractory diabetic macular edema. Semin Ophthalmol 2003;18:116–120
  • Opremcak EM, Bruce RA, Lomeo MD, et al. Radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion: a retrospective pilot study of 11 consecutive cases. Retina 2001;21:408–415
  • Opremcak EM, Mitchel E, Rehmar AJ, et al. Radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion: 117 consecutive cases. Retina 2006;26:297–305
  • Opremcak EM, Rehmar AJ, Ridenour CD, et al. Radial optic neurotomy with adjunctive intraocular triamcinolone for central retinal vein occlusion: 63 consecutive cases. Retina 2006;26:306–313
  • Hasselbach HC, Ruefer F, Feltgen N, et al. Treatment of central retinal vein occlusion by radial optic neurotomy in 107 cases. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;245:1145–1156
  • Nomoto H, Shiraga F, Yamaji H, et al. Evaluation of radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion by indocyanine green videoangiography and image analysis. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;138:612–619
  • Spaide RF, Klancnik JM Jr., Gross NE. Retinal choroidal collateral circulation after radial optic neurotomy correlated with the lessening of macular edema. Retina 2004;24:356–359
  • Williamson TH, Poon W, Whitefield L, et al. A pilot study of pars plana vitrectomy, intraocular gas, and radial neurotomy in ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:1126–1129
  • Fortunato P, Pollazzi L, Baroni M, et al. Venous retinal flow reperfusion mechanisms following radial optic neurotomy with adjunctive intraocular triamcinolone in central retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010;248:167–173
  • Furino C, Ferrari TM, Boscia F, et al. Combined radial optic neurotomy, internal limiting membrane peeling, and intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:422–425
  • Arevalo JF, Garcia RA, Wu L, et al. Radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion: results of the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group (PACORES). Retina 2008;28:1044–1052
  • Hayreh SS. Management of central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmologica 2003;217:167–188
  • Horio N, Horiguchi M. Retinal blood flow and macular edema after radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;141:31–34
  • Friberg TR, Smolinski P, Hill S, Kurup SK. Biomechanical assessment of radial optic neurotomy. Ophthalmology 2008;115(1):174–180
  • D'Amico DJ, Lit ES, Viola F. Lamina puncture for central retinal vein occlusion: results of a pilot trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124:972–977
  • Sharma A, D’Amico DJ. Medical and surgical management of central retinal vein occlusion. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2004;44:1–16
  • McAllister IL, Douglas JP, Constable IJ, Yu DY. Laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis for nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion: evaluation of the complications and their risk factors. Am J Ophthalmol 1998;126:219–229
  • McAllister IL, Gillies ME, Smithies LA, et al. The Central Retinal Vein Bypass Study: a trial of laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis for central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2010;117:954–965
  • Koizumi K, Nishiura M, Yamamoto T, et al. Intentional complete interruption of a retinal vein after vitrectomy might improve the rate of successful chorioretinal venous anastomosis formation in central retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2002;240:787–794
  • Mirshahi A, Roohipoor R, Lashay A, et al. Surgical induction of chorioretinal venous anastomosis in ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion: a non-randomised controlled clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:64–69
  • Quiroz-Mercado H, Sánchez-Buenfil E, Guerrero-Naranjo JL, et al. Successful erbium: YAG laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis for the management of ischemic central retinal vein occlusion. A report of two cases. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001;239:872–875
  • Weiss JN, Bynoe LA. Injection of tissue plasminogen activator into a branch retinal vein in eyes with central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2001;108:2249–2257
  • Feltgen N, Junker B, Agostini H, Hansen LL. Retinal endovascular lysis in ischemic central retinal vein occlusion: one-year results of a pilot study. Ophthalmology 2007;114:716–723
  • Osterloh MD, Charles S. Surgical decompression of branch retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:1469–1471
  • García-Arumí J, Martinez-Castillo V, Boixadera A, et al. Management of macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion with sheathotomy and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Retina 2004;24:530–540
  • Avci R, Inan UU, Kaderli B. Evaluation of arteriovenous crossing sheathotomy for decompression of branch retinal vein occlusion. Eye (Lond) 2008;22:120–127
  • Chung EJ, Lee H, Koh HJ. Arteriovenous crossing sheathotomy versus intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for treatment of macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008;246:967–974
  • Oh IK, Kim S, Oh J, Huh K. Long-term visual outcome of arteriovenous adventitial sheathotomy on branch retinal vein occlusion induced macular edema. Korean J Ophthalmol 2008;22:1–5
  • Liang XL, Chen HY, Huang YS, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling for macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a pilot study. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2007;36:293–297
  • Mandelcorn MS, Nrusimhadevara RK. Internal limiting membrane peeling for decompression of macular edema in retinal vein occlusion: a report of 14 cases. Retina 2004;24:348–355
  • Park DH, Kim IT. Long-term effects of vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion and hemiretinal vein occlusion. Retina 2010;30:117–124
  • Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Ikeda T, et al. Relation of diabetic macular edema to cytokines and posterior vitreous detachment. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;135:321–327
  • Noma H, Funatsu H, Sakata K, et al. Macular microcirculation before and after vitrectomy for macular edema with branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010;248:443–445
  • Saika S, Tanaka T, Miyamoto T, Ohnishi Y. Surgical posterior vitreous detachment combined with gas/air tamponade for treating macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion: retinal tomography and visual outcome. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001;239:729–732
  • Zimmerman PL. Pars planitis and other intermediate uveitis. In: Ophthalmology. Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. St Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier, 1999. pp 10.1–10.6
  • Heiligenhaus A, Bornfeld N, Wessing A. Long-term results of pars plana vitrectomy in the management of intermediate uveitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 1996;7(3):77–79
  • Becker M, Davis J. Vitrectomy in the treatment of uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;140:1096–1105
  • Garweg JG, Becker M, Lommatzsch A, Bartz-Schmidt KU. Update on vitrectomy for pediatric uveitis [in German]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2007;224:538–542
  • Gutfleisch M, Spital G, Mingels A, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal triamcinolone: effect on uveitic cystoid macular oedema and treatment limitations. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91:345–348
  • Schaal S, Tezel TH, Kaplan HJ. Surgical intervention in refractory CME–role of posterior hyaloid separation and internal limiting membrane peeling. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2008;16:209–210
  • Tranos P, Scott R, Zambarajki H, et al. The effect of pars plana vitrectomy on cystoid macular oedema associated with chronic uveitis: a randomised, controlled pilot study. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:1107–1110
  • Liversidge J, Dick A, Cheng YF, et al. Retinal antigen specific lymphocytes, TCR-gamma delta T cells and CD5+ B cells cultured from the vitreous in acute sympathetic ophthalmitis. Autoimmunity 1993;15:257–266
  • Moller DR. Cells and cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1999;16:24–31
  • Muhaya M, Calder VL, Towler HM, et al. Characterization of phenotype and cytokine profiles of T cell lines derived from vitreous humour in ocular inflammation in man. Clin Exp Immunol 1999;116:410–414
  • Markomichelakis NN, Halkiadakis I, Pantelia E, et al. Course of macular edema in uveitis under medical treatment. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2007;15:71–79
  • Uchino E, Uemura A, Ohba N. Initial stages of posterior vitreous detachment in healthy eyes of older persons evaluated by optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1475–1479
  • Gass JD. Macular dysfunction caused by vitreous and vitreoretinal interface abnormalities. In: Stereoscopic Atlas of Macular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment. Gass JD, ed. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Year Book Inc., 1997. pp 903–914
  • Hikichi T, Yoshida A, Trempe CL. Course of vitreomacular traction syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;119:55–61
  • McDonald HR, Johnson RN, Schatz H. Surgical results in the vitreomacular traction syndrome. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1397–1403
  • Smiddy WE, Michels RG, Glaser BM, de Bustros S. Vitrectomy for macular traction caused by incomplete vitreous separation. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:624–628
  • Witkin AJ, Ko TH, Fujimoto JG, et al. Vitreofoveal attachment causing metamorphopsia: an ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography finding. Retina 2006;26:1085–1087
  • Yamada N, Kishi S. Tomographic features and surgical outcomes of vitreomacular tractional syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;139:112–117
  • Gass JD. Reappraisal of biomicroscopic classification of stages of development of a macular hole. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;119:752–759
  • Johnson RN, Gass JD. Idiopathic macular holes: observations, stages of formation, and implications for surgical intervention. Ophthalmology 1988;95:917–924
  • Gallemore RP, Jumper JM, McCuen BW 2nd, et al. Diagnosis of vitreoretinal adhesions in macular disease with optical coherence tomography. Retina 2000;20:115–120
  • Do DV, Cho M, Nguyen QD, et al. The impact of optical coherence tomography on surgical decision making in epiretinal membrane and vitreomacular traction. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2006;104:161–166
  • Johnson MW. Perifoveal vitreous detachment and its macular complications. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2005;103:537–567
  • Witkin AJ, Patron ME, Castro LC, et al. Anatomic and visual outcomes of vitrectomy for vitreomacular traction syndrome. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:425–431
  • de Smet MD, Valmaggia C, Zarranz-Ventura J, Willekens B. Microplasmin: ex vivo characterization of its activity in porcine vitreous. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009;50:814–819
  • de Smet MD, Gandorfer A, Stalmans P, et al. Microplasmin intravitreal administration in patients with vitreomacular traction scheduled for vitrectomy: the MIVI I trial. Ophthalmol 2009;116:1349–1355
  • Stalmans P, Delaey C, de Smet MD, et al. Intravitreal injection of microplasmin for treatment of vitreomacular adhesion: results of a prospective, randomized, sham-controlled phase II trial (the MIVI-IIT trial). Retina 2010;30:1122–1127
  • Margherio RR, Cox MS Jr., Trese MT, et al. Removal of epimacular membranes. Ophthalmology 1985;92:1075–1083
  • Pesin SR, Olk RJ, Grand MG, et al. Vitrectomy for premacular fibroplasia. Prognostic factors, long-term follow-up, and time course of visual improvement. Ophthalmology 1991;98:1109–1114
  • Rice TA, De Bustros S, Michels RG, et al. Prognostic factors in vitrectomy for epiretinal membranes of the macula. Ophthalmology 1986;93:602–610
  • Kinoshita T, Kovacs KD, Wagley S, Arroyo JG. Morphologic differences in epiretinal membranes on ocular coherence tomography as a predictive factor for surgical outcome. Retina 2011;31:1692–1698
  • Pendergast SD. Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema associated with a taut premacular posterior hyaloid. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 1998;9:71–75
  • Au Eong KG, Fujii GY, de Juan E Jr., et al. A new three-port cannular system for closed pars plana vitrectomy. Retina 2002;22:130–132

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.