Side-Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Therapy in Uveitis

References

• Nussenblatt RB. The natural history of uveitis. Int Ophthalmol 1990;14:303–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabs DA. Epidemiology of uveitis. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2008;15:283–284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter RS, Lobo AM. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for the treatment of noninfectious uveitis. Clin Ophthalmol 2011;5:1613–1621
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jabs DA, Rosenbaum JT, Foster CS, et al. Guidelines for the use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders: recommendations of an expert panel. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:492–513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasadhika S, Rosenbaum JT. Update on the use of systemic biologic agents in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis. Biologics 2014;8:67–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith JR, Jabs DA, Briceland DJ, Holland GN. Education in the ophthalmic discipline of uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2008;146:799–801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen QD, Hatef E, Kayen B, et al. A cross-sectional study of the current treatment patterns in noninfectious uveitis among specialists in the United States. Ophthalmology 2011;118:184–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon DM, McLean JM, Koteen H, et al. The use of ACTH and cortisone in ophthalmology. Am J Ophthalmol 1951;34:1675–1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeHoang P. The gold standard of noninfectious uveitis: corticosteroids. In: E. Miserocchi, G. Modorati, C.S. Foster (eds.), New Treatments in Noninfectious Uveitis: Developments in Ophthalmology, Basel (Switzerland): S. Karger AG, Vol. 51, pp. 7–28; 2012
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham ET Jr, Wender JD. Practical approach to the use of corticosteroids in patients with uveitis. Can J Ophthalmol 2010;45:352–358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulki L, Foster CS. Difluprednate for inflammatory eye disorders. Drugs Today (Barc) 2011;47:327–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster CS, Davanzo R, Flynn TE, et al. Durezol (Difluprednate Ophthalmic Emulsion 0.05%) compared with Pred Forte 1% ophthalmic suspension in the treatment of endogenous anterior uveitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010;26:475–483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin B, Palestine AG. Complications of corticosteroid and immunosuppressive drugs. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1989;29:159–171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armaly MF. Statistical attributes of the steroid hypertensive response in the clinically normal eye. I. The demonstration of three levels of response. Invest Ophthalmol 1965;4:187–197
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jabs DA, Akpek EK. Immunosuppression for posterior uveitis. Retina 2005;25:1–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moshfeghi DM, Lowder CY, Roth DB, Kaiser PK. Retinal and choroidal vascular occlusion after posterior sub-tenon triamcinolone injection. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134:132–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddique SS, Shah R, Suelves AM, Foster CS. Road to remission: a comprehensive review of therapy in uveitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011;20:1497–1515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo AM, Sobrin L, Papaliodis GN. Drug delivery options for the treatment of ocular inflammation. Semin Ophthalmol 2010;25:283–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok H, Lau C, Maycock N, McCluskey P, Lightman S. Outcome of intravitreal triamcinolone in uveitis. Ophthalmology 2005;112:1916.e1-7
   Google Scholar
• Gillies MC, Simpson JM, Billson FA, et al. Safety of an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone: results from a randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:336–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas JB, Kreissig I, Degenring R. Intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:24–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescribing information for RETISERT®. Bausch + Lomb Available at http://www.retisert.com/images/retisert_prescribing_information.pdf. [last accessed 16 Mar 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Callanan DG, Jaffe GJ, Martin DF, Pearson PA, Comstock TL. Treatment of posterior uveitis with a fluocinolone acetonide implant: three-year clinical trial results. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:1191–1201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescribing information for OZURDEX®. Allergan, Inc. Available at http://www.allergan.com/assets/pdf/ozurdex_pi.pdf. [last accessed 16 Mar 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Lowder C, Belfort R Jr, Lightman S, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 2011;129:545–553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capone A Jr, Singer MA, Dodwell DG, et al. Efficacy and safety of two or more dexamethasone intravitreal implant injections for treatment of macular edema related to retinal vein occlusion (Shasta study). Retina 2014;34:342–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanbury RM, Graham EM. Systemic corticosteroid therapy: side-effects and their management. Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:704–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein RS. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and osteonecrosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2012;41:595–611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon S, Hermayer KL. Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia. Am J Med Sci 2013;345:274–277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esterberg E, Acharya NR. Corticosteroid-sparing therapy: practice patterns among uveitis specialists. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2012;2:21–28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fiorelli VM, Bhat P, Foster CS. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy and recurrent acute anterior uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2010;18:116–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samiy N, Foster CS. The role of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in ocular inflammation. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1996;36:195–206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang X, Tian HJ, Yang HK, et al. Meta-analysis: cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors are no better than nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with proton pump inhibitors in regard to gastrointestinal adverse events in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;23:876–880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvo F, Antoniazzi S, Duong M, Molimard M, et al. Cardiovascular events associated with the long-term use of NSAIDs: a review of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014;13:573–585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGettigan P, Henry D. Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review of population-based controlled observational studies. PLoS Med 2011;8
   Google Scholar
• Castellsague J, Riera-Guardia N, Calingaert B, et al. Individual NSAIDs and upper gastrointestinal complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (the SOS project). Drug Saf 2012;35:1127–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruh J, Foster CS. Corticosteroid-sparing agents: conventional systemic immunosupressants. In: E. Miserocchi, G. Modorati, C.S. Foster (eds), New Treatments in Noninfectious Uveitis: developments in Ophthalmology, Basel (Switzerland): S. Karger AG, Vol. 51, pp. 29–46; 2012
   Google Scholar
• Kremer JM. Methotrexate and emerging therapies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999;17:S43–S46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace CA. The use of methotrexate in childhood rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:381–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong VG, Hersh EM. Methotrexate in the therapy of cyclitis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1965;69:279–293
   Google Scholar
• Samson CM, Waheed N, Baltatzis S, et al. Methotrexate therapy for chronic noninfectious uveitis: analysis of a case series of 160 patients. Ophthalmology 2001;108:1134–1109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bom S, Zamiri P, Lightman S. Use of methotrexate in the management of sight-threatening uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2001;9:35–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan-Messas A, Barkana Y, Avni I, et al. Methotrexate as a first-line corticosteroid-sparing therapy in a cohort of uveitis and scleritis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2003;11:131–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada AA. Immunomodulatory therapy for ocular inflammatory disease: a basic manual and review of the literature. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2005;13:335–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik AR, Pavesio C. The use of low dose methotrexate in children with chronic anterior and intermediate uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:806–808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangaputra S, Newcomb CW, Liesegang TL, et al. Systemic Immunosuppressive Therapy for Eye Diseases Cohort Study: methotrexate for ocular inflammatory diseases. Ophthalmology 2009;116:2188–2198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempen JH, Gangaputra S, Daniel E, et al. Long-term risk of malignancy among patients treated with immunosuppressive agents for ocular inflammation: a critical assessment of the evidence. Am J Ophthalmol 2008;146:802–812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appel GB, Radhakrishnan J, Ginzler EM. Use of mycophenolate mofetil in autoimmune and renal diseases. Transplantation 2005;80:S265–S271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel E, Thorne JE, Newcomb CW, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for ocular inflammation. Am J Ophthalmol 2010;149:423–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galor A, Jabs DA, Leder HA, et al. Comparison of antimetabolite drugs as corticosteroid-sparing therapy for noninfectious ocular inflammation. Ophthalmology 2008;115:1826–1832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doycheva D, Deuter C, Stuebiger N, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of uveitis in children. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91:180–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostensen M, Lockshin M, Doria A, et al. Update on safety during pregnancy of biological agents and some immunosuppressive anti-rheumatic drugs. Rheumatology 2008;47:28–31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford LT, Berg JD. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) assessment prior to starting thiopurine drug treatment: a pharmacogenomic test whose time has come. J Clin Pathol 2010;63:288–295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasadhika S, Kempen JH, Newcomb CW, et al. Azathioprine for ocular inflammatory diseases. Am J Ophthalmol 2009;148:500–509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polack FM. Effect of azathioprine (Imuran) on corneal graft reaction. Am J Ophthalmol 1967;64:233–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews JD, Crawford BA, Bignell JL, Mackay IR. Azathioprine in active chronic iridocyclitis: a double-blind controlled trial. Br J Ophthalmol 1969;53:327–330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood AJ, Stanford MR, Graham EM. The role of azathioprine in the management of retinal vasculitis. Eye 1998;12:783–788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazici H, Pazarli H, Barnes CG, et al. A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behçet’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990;322:281–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaçmaz RO, Kempen JH, Newcomb C, et al. Cyclosporine for ocular inflammatory diseases. Ophthalmology 2010;117:576–584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keown PA, Primmet DR. Cyclosporine: the principal immunosuppressant for renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998;30:1712–1715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes-Castañeda RA, Gonzalez-Gonzalez LA, Cordero-Coma M, et al. Combined therapy of cyclosporine A and mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of birdshot retinochoroidopathy: a 12-month follow-up. Br J Ophthalmol 2013;97:637–643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews D, Mathews J, Jones NP. Low-dose cyclosporine treatment for sight-threatening uveitis: efficacy, toxicity, and tolerance. Indian J Ophthalmol 2010;58:55–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones N. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive treatment. Uveitis, 2nd ed., pp. 81–102; London: JP Medical Ltd, 2013
   Google Scholar
• Palestine AG, Austin HA IIIrd, Balow JE, et al. Renal histopathologic alterations in patients treated with cyclosporine for uveitis. N Engl J Med 1986;314:1293–1298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Borne BE, Landewé RB, Houkes I, et al. No increased risk of malignancies and mortality in cyclosporin A-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1930–1937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung JJ, Eliasziw M, Todo S, et al. The Pittsburgh randomized trial of tacrolimus compared to cyclosporine for hepatic transplantation. J Am Coll Surg 1996;183:117–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochizuki M, Masuda K, Sakane T, et al. A clinical trial of FK506 in refractory uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;115:763–769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishioka M, Ohno S, Nakamura S, et al. FK506 treatment of noninfectious uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;118:723–729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilmartin DJ, Forrester JV, Dick AD. Tacrolimus (FK506) in failed cyclosporine A therapy in endogenous posterior uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 1998;6:101–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloper CM, Powell RJ, Dua HS. Tacrolimus (FK506) in the treatment of posterior uveitis refractory to cyclosporine. Ophthalmology 1999;106:723–728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy CC, Greiner K, Plskova J, et al. Cyclosporine vs tacrolimus therapy for posterior and intermediate uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:634–641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klippel JH, Austin HA III, Balow JE, et al. Studies of immunosuppressive drugs in the treatment of lupus nephritis. Rheum Dis Clinics North Am 1987;13:47–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:488–498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillevin L, Cordier JF, Lhote F, et al. A prospective, multicenter, randomized trial comparing steroids and pulse cyclophosphamide versus steroids and oral cyclophosphamide in the treatment of generalized Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:2187–2198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pujari SS, Kempen JH, Newcomb CW, et al. Cyclophosphamide for ocular inflammatory diseases. Ophthalmology 2010;117:356–365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monach PA, Arnold LM, Merkel PA. Incidence and prevention of bladder toxicity from cyclophosphamide in the treatment of rheumatic diseases: a data-driven review. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:9–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin F, Lauwerys B, Lefèbvre C, et al. Side-effects of intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy. Lupus 1997;6:254–257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairley KF, Barrie JU, Johnson W. Sterility and testicular atrophy related to cyclophosphamide therapy. Lancet 1972;1:568–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacki JK, Schochat T, Sobieska M, et al. Immunological studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate or cyclophosphamide. Z Rheumatol 1994;53:76–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostensen M. Treatment with immunosuppressive and disease modifying drugs during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Reprod Immunol 1992;28:148–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker GL, Kahl LE, Zee BC, et al. Malignancy following treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with cyclophosphamide: long-term case-control follow-up study. Am J Med 1987;83:1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis LB, Curtis RE, Glimelius B, et al. Bladder and kidney cancer following cyclophosphamide therapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:524–530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radis CD, Kahl LE, Baker GL, et al. Effects of cyclophosphamide on the development of malignancy and on long-term survival of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a 20-year follow-up study. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:1120–1127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel SS, Dodds EM, Echandi LV, et al. Long-term, drug-free remission of sympathetic ophthalmia with high-dose, short-term chlorambucil therapy. Ophthalmology 2014;121:596–602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabbara KF. Chlorambucil in Behçet's disease: a reappraisal. Ophthalmology 1983;90:906–908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy-Clarke G, Jabs DA, Read RW, et al. Expert panel recommendations for the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor biologic agents in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders. Ophthalmology 2014;121:785–796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• William M, Faez S, Papaliodis GN, Lobo AM. Golimumab for the treatment of refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2012;2:231–233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faez S, Lobo AM, Sobrin L, Papaliodis GN. Treatment of seronegative spondyloarthropathy-associated uveitis with golimumab: retrospective case series. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2014;42:392–395
   Google Scholar
• Prescribing information for REMICADE®. Janssen Biotech, Inc. Available at http://www.remicade.com/shared/product/remicade/prescribing-information.pdf. [last accessed 16 Mar 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Prescribing information for HUMIRA®. AbbVie, Inc. Available at http://www.rxabbvie.com/pdf/humira.pdf. [last accessed 16 Mar 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Prescribing information for Enbrel®. Amgen, Inc. Available at http://pi.amgen.com/united_states/enbrel/derm/enbrel_pi.pdf. [last accessed 16 Mar 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Foster CS, Tufail F, Waheed NK, et al. Efficacy of etanercept in preventing relapse of uveitis controlled by methotrexate. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:437–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galor A, Perez VL, Hammel JP, Lowder CY. Differential effectiveness of etanercept and infliximab in the treatment of ocular inflammation. Ophthalmology 2006;113:2317–2323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JR, Levinson RD, Holland GN, et al. Differential efficacy of tumor necrosis factor inhibition in the management of inflammatory eye disease and associated rheumatic disease. Arthritis Rheum 2001;45:252–257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YH, Bae SC, Song GG. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in HBsAg-positive patients with rheumatic diseases undergoing anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy or DMARDs. Int J Rheum Dis 2013;16:527–531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompili M, Biolato M, Miele L, Grieco A. Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors and chronic hepatitis C: a comprehensive literature review. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:7867–7873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opelz G, Döhler B. Lymphomas after solid organ transplantation: a collaborative transplant study report. Am J Transplant 2004;4:222–230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grogg KL, Miller RF, Dogan A. HIV infection and lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 2007;60:1365–1372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little RF, Gutierrez M, Jaffe ES, et al. HIV-associated Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: incidence, presentation, and prognosis. JAMA 2001;285:1880–1885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trofe J, Trofe BJ, First MR, et al. The role of immunosuppression in lymphoma. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2002;159:55–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dommasch E, Gelfand JM. Is there truly a risk of lymphoma from biologic therapies? Dermatol Ther 2009;22:418–430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Michaud K. Lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in 18,572 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1740–1751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltsonoudis E, Voulgari PV, Konitsiotis S, Drosos AA. Demyelination and other neurological adverse events after anti-TNF therapy. Autoimmun Rev 2014;13:54–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos-Casals M, Roberto-Perez-Alvarez R, Diaz-Lagares C, et al; BIOGEAS Study Group. Autoimmune diseases induced by biological agents: a double-edged sword? Autoimmun Rev 2010;9:188–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almoallim H, Al-Ghamdi Y, Almaghrabi H, Alyasi O. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α induced systemic lupus erythematosus. Open Rheumatol J 2012;6:315–319
   PubMedGoogle Scholar