12
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Patterns of Diabetic Eye Disease

Pages 12-22 | Published online: 02 Jul 2009

References

  • Engerman R L, Finkelstein D, Aguirre G. Ocular complications. Diabetes 1982; 31: 82–87, (suppl 1)
  • Yanoff M. Ocular pathology of diabetes mellitus. Am J Ophthalmol 1969; 67: 21–38
  • Goldstein J E, Cogan D G. Diabetic ophthalmoloplegia with special reference to the pupil. Arch Ophthalmol 1960; 64: 592–600
  • Raff M L, Asbury A K. Ischaemic mononeuropathy and mononeuropathy multiplex in diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1968; 279: 17–22
  • Asbury A K, Aldridge H, Herschberg R. Occulomotor palsy in diabetes mellitus. A clinicopathological study. Brain 1970; 93: 550–566
  • Worthen D M, Fenton B M, Rosen P. Morphemetry of diabetic conjunctival blood vessels. Ophthalmology 1981; 88: 655–657
  • Fine B S, Berkow J W, Helfgott J A. Diabetic lacy vacuolation of iris pigment epithelium. AM J Ophthalmol 1970; 69: 197–201
  • Yanoff M, Fine B S, Berkow J W. Diabetic lacy vacuolation of iris pigment epithelium. Am J Ophthalmol 1970; 69: 201–210
  • Guy R JC, Richards F, Edmonds M E. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy and iritis: An association suggesting an immunological cause. Br Med J 1984; 289: 343–345
  • Martyn C N, Young R J, Ewing D J. Is there a link between iritis and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Br Med J 1986; 292: 934
  • Ohrt V. The frequency of rubeosis iridis in diabetic patients. Acta Ophthalmol 1971; 49: 301–307
  • Grey R HB, Malcolm N, O'Reilly D. Ophthalmic survey of a diabetic clinic. Br J Ophthalmol 1968; 70: 799–803
  • Burditt A F, Caird F I. History of lens opacities in diabetes. Br J Ophthalmol 1968; 52: 433–440
  • Caird F I, Hutchinson M, Pirie A. Cataract and diabetes. Br Med J 1964, Part 2: 665–668
  • Yamashita T, Becker B. The basement membrane in the human diabetic eye. Diabetes 1961; 10: 167–174
  • Hidayat A A, Fine B S. Diabetic choroidopathy. Light and EM observations of severe cases. Ophthalmology 1985; 92: 512–522
  • Bresnick G H. Diabetic retinopathy. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, vol 2, G H Peyne, D R Sanders, MF Goldberg. Saunders, Philadelphia 1980; 1205–1276
  • Blankenship G W. Diabetic retinopathy present and future. Conclusion of diabetic retinopathy symposium. Ophthalmology 1981; 88: 658–661
  • Garner A. Pathology of diabetic retinopathy. Br Med Bull 1970; 26: 137–142
  • Faulborn J, Bowald S. Does “Diabetic vitreopathy” exist. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1986; 188: 403–404
  • Tagawa H Y, McMeel J W, Trempe C L. The role of the vitreous in diabetic retinopathy. II. Active and inactive vitreous changes. Ophthalmology 1986; 93: 1188–1192
  • Jabs D A, Miller N R, Green W R. Ischaemic optic neuropathy with painful ophthalmoloplegia in diabetes mellitus. Br J Ophthalmol 1981; 65: 673–678
  • Ward S L, Woods D R, Gilstrap L C. Pregnancy and acute optic disc oedema of juvenile onset diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 64: 816–818
  • Tsukado T, Chihara E. Changes in components of fast axonally transported proteins in the optic nerves of diabetic rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986; 27: 1115–1122
  • Dreyfus P M, Hakim S, Adams R D. Diabetic ophthalmoloplegia: Report of a case with post mortem study and comments on vascular supply of human occulomotor nerve. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1957; 77: 337–349
  • Weber R B, Daroff R B, Mackey E A. Pathology of occulomotor nerve palsy in diabetics. Neurology 1970; 20: 835–838
  • Zorilla E, Kozak G P. Ophthalmoloplegia in diabetes mellitus. Am Int Med 1967; 67: 968–978
  • Fraser D M, Campbell I W, Ewing D J. Mononeuropathy in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1979; 28: 96–101
  • Glaser J S. Infranuclear disorders of eye movements. Clinical Ophthalmology, T D Duane, EA Jaeger. Harper & Row, Philadelphia 1982; Vol 2, Chapt 12
  • Cogan D G, Kuwabara R. Ocular microangiopathy in diabetes. Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus. ed, S J Kimura, WM Gaygil. Mosby, St Louis, 53
  • Farkas T G, Sylvester Y, Archer D. An electron microscopic study of the choriocapillaris and Bruch's membrane in diabetic retinopathy. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1970; 90: 657–658
  • Duvall J, Tso M OM. Cellular mechanisms of resolution of drusen after laser coagulation: An experimental study. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103: 694–703
  • Nakamoto Y, Takazakura E, Hayakawa H. Intrarenal microaneurysms in diabetic nephropathy. Lab Invest 1980; 42: 433–439
  • Bloodworth J MB, Molitor D L. 1965 Symposium in vascular disorders of the eye. Ultrastructural aspects of human and canine diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol 1965; 4: 1037–1048
  • Hori S, Nishida T, Mukai Y. Ultrastructural studies on choroidal vessels in streptozotocin-diabetic and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1980; 29: 211–228
  • Bischoff P M, Flower R W. Ten years experience with choroidal angiography using idocyanine green dye: A new routine examination or an epilogue. Doc Ophthalmol 1985; 60: 235–291
  • Freyer H, Prskavec F, Stelzer N. Diabetische choroidopathie—eineretrospective fluoreszenzangiographische studie. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1986; 189: 144–147
  • Junod A, Lambert A E, Stauffalcher W. Diabetogenic action of streptotocin. Relationship of dose and metabolic response. J Clin Invest 1969; 48: 2129–2139
  • Ganda O P, Rossini A A, Like A A. Studies on streptozotocin diabetes. Diabetes 1976; 25: 595–603
  • Waltman S, Krupin T, Hanish S. Alteration of the blood retinal barrier in experimental diabetes mellitus. Arch Ophthalmol 1978; 96: 878–879
  • Jones C W, Cunha-Vaz J G, Zweig K O. Kinetic vitreous fluorophotometry in experimental diabetes. Arch Ophthalmol 1979; 97: 1941–1943
  • Tso M OM, Cunha-Vaz J G, Shih C Y. Clinico-pathologic study of blood retinal barrier in experimental diabeties. Arch Ophthalmol 1980; 98: 2038–2042
  • Krupin T, Waltman S R, Szcwuzyk P. Fluorometric studies of the blood retinal barrier in experimental animals. Arch Ophthalmol 1982; 100: 631–634
  • Jones C W, Cunha-Vaz J G, Zeimer R C. Ocular fluorophotometry in normal and diabetic monkey. Exp Eye Res 1986; 42: 467–477
  • Tso M OM, Cunha-Vaz J G, Blair N. Disruption of blood retinal barrier in diabetic primates. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982; 22: 110, (suppl)
  • Kirber W M, Nichols C W, Grimes P A. A permeability defect of the retinal pigment epithelium. Occurrence in early streptozotocin diabetes. Arch Ophthalmol 1980; 98: 725–728
  • Grimes P, Laties A M. Early morphological alteration of the pigment epithelium in streptozotoxin-induced diabetes: Increased surface area of the basal cell membrane. Exp Eye Res 1980; 30: 631–639
  • Karunanayake E H, Hearse D J, Melows G. Streptozocin: Its excretion and metabolism in the rat. Diabetologia 1976; 12: 483–488
  • Krupin J, Waltman S R, Scharp D W. Ocular fluorophotometry in experimental diabetes mellitus in the rat. Effect of pancreatic islet isografts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1979; 18: 1185–1190
  • Laties A M, Raport S. The blood ocular barriers under osmotic stress studies on the freeze dried eye. Arch Ophthalmol 1976; 94: 1086–1091
  • Klein R, Engerman R L, Ernest J T. Flurophotometry II. Streptozotocin-treated guinea pigs. Arch Ophthalmol 1980; 98: 2233–2234
  • Hollenberg M J, Nayar R P, Burt W L. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of the retinal pigment epithelium in the normal and diabetic rat. Can J Ophthalmol 1968; 3: 65–76
  • Henkes H E, Houtsmuller A J. Fundus diabeticus. An evaluation of the preretinopathic stage. Am J Ophthalmol 1965; 60: 662–670
  • Cunha-Vaz J G, Abreu J RF, Campos A J. Early breakdown of the blood retinal barrier in diabetes. Br J Ophthalmol 1975; 59: 649–656
  • Krupin T, Waltman S R, Oestrich C. Vitreous fluorophotometry in juvenile onset diabetes mellitus. Arch Ophthalmol 1978; 96: 812–814
  • Waltman S R, Oestrich C, Krupin T. Quantitative vitreous fluorophotometry: A sensitive technique for measuring early breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier in young diabetic patients. Diabetes 1978; 27: 85–87
  • Waltman S R, Krupin T, Kilo C. Vitreous fluorophotometry in adult onset diabetes mellitus. Am J Ophthalmol 1979; 88: 342–345
  • Kernell A, Larsson Y, Ludvigsson J. Vitreous fluorophotometry in juvenile diabetes. Acta Endocrinol 1980; 238: 67, (suppl)
  • White N H, Waltman S R, Krupin T. Reversal of abnormalities in ocular fluorophotometry in insulin dependent diabetes after five to the nine months of improved metabolic control. Diabetes 1982; 31: 80–85
  • Bursell S E, Delri F C, Yoshida A. Vitreous fluorophotometric evaluation of diabetics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984; 25: 703–710
  • Burger W, Hovener G, Dusterhus R. Prevalence and development of retinopathy in children and adolescents with type I (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. A longitudinal study. Diabetologia 1986; 29: 17–22
  • Nuzzi G, Vanelli M, Venturini I. Vitreous fluorophotometry in juvenile diabetes after oral fluorescein. Arch Ophthamol 1986; 104: 1630–1631
  • Cunha-Vaz J G. Pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy. Br J Med 1978; 62: 351–355
  • Cunha-Vaz J G, Fonseca JR., Abreu J F. Detection of early retinal changes in diabetes by vitreous fluorophotometry. Diabetes 1979; 28: 16–19
  • Cunha-Vaz J G, Goldberg M F, Vygantas C. Early detection of retinal involvement in diabetes by vitreous fluorophotometry. Ophthalmology 1979; 86: 264–275
  • Cunha-Vaz J G, Zeimer R, Wong W P. Kinetic vitreous fluorophotometry in normals and insulin dependent diabetes. Ophthalmology 1982; 89: 751–756
  • Krogsaa B, Lund-Andersen H, Mehlsen J. The blood retinal barrier permeability in diabetic patients. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1981; 59: 689–694
  • Prager T C, Chu H H, Garcia C A. The use of vitreous fluorophotometry to distinguish between diabetics with and without observable retinopathy: Effect of vitreous abnormalities on the measurement. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1983; 24: 57–65
  • Brooks A MV, Keith G S, Court J M. Vitreous fluorophotometry in children with type I diabetes mellitus. Aust J Ophthalmol 1984; 12: 39–43
  • Krogsaa B, Lund-Anderson H, Mehlsen J. The blood retinal barrier permeability to fluorescein in normal subjects and in juvenile diabetics without retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 1986; 64: 173–179
  • Chahal P, Chowienczyk P J, Kohner E M. Measurement of blood retinal barrier permeability. A reproducibility study on normal eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985; 26: 977–982
  • Porta M, Townsend C, Clover G M. Evidence for functional endothelial cell damage in early diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 1981; 20: 597–601
  • Krogsaa B, Lund-Andersen H, Lauritzen T. The blood retinal barrier permeability to fluorescein in juvenile diabetics treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Acta Ophthalmol 1985; 63: 104–106, (suppl)
  • Cunha-Vaz J G, Mota C C, Leite E C. Effect of sorbinil on blood retinal barrier in early diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 1986; 35: 574–578
  • Karpe G, Kornerup T, Wulfing B. The clinical electro-retinogram VIII. The ERG in diabetic retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 1958; 36: 281–291
  • Yonemura D, Tzusuki K, Adki T. Clinical importance of the osillatory potential in the human ERG. Acta Ophthalmol 1962; 70: 115–123, (suppl)
  • Simonsen S E. The value of the oscillatory potential in selecting juvenile diabetics at risk of developing proliferative retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1980; 58: 865–878
  • Frost-Larsen K, Larsen H W, Simonsen S E. Oscillatory potential and nyctometry in insulin dependent diabetics. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1980; 58: 879–888
  • Carr R E, Siegel I M. Clinical evaluation of retinal pigment epithelial disorders. The Retinal Pigment Epithelium, K M Zin, MK Marmor. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1979; 381–394
  • Sieving P A, Fishman G A, Salzana T. Acute macular neuroretinopathy: Early receptor potential change suggests photoreceptor pathology. Br J Ophthalmol 1984; 68: 229–234
  • Arden G B, Barrada A, Kelsey J H. New clinical test of retinal function based upon the standing potential of the eye. Br J Ophthalmol 1962; 46: 449–467
  • Ponte F, Anastasi M, Cillino S. Clinical patterns and electrophysiological findings in retinal pigment epithelium diseases. Doc Ophthmol 1986; 62: 73–79
  • Kinnear P R, Aspinall P A, Lokowski R. The diabetic eye and colour vision. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1972; 92: 69–78
  • Ghafour M, Foulds W S, Allan D. Contrast sensitivity in diabetic subjects with and without retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1982; 66: 492–495
  • Hyvarinen L, Laurinen P, Rovamo J. Contrast sensitivity in evaluation of visual impairment due to diabetes. Acta Ophthalmol 1983; 61: 94–101
  • Sala S D, Bertoni G, Somazyi L. Impaired contrast sensitivity in diabetic patients with and without retinopathy: A new technique for rapid assessment. Br J Ophthalmol 1985; 69: 136–142
  • Gleim H, Schulze D P. Sofortadaption. Blendung-sempfindlichkeit und diebetische Retinopathie. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1975; 166: 766–769
  • Frost-Larsen K, Larsen H W. Nyctometry—A new screening method for selection of patients with simple diabetic retinopathy who are at risk of developing proliferative retinopathy. Results of a 3 year follow-up. Acta Ophthalmol 1983; 61: 353–361
  • Frost-Larsen K, Larsen H W. Macular recovery time recorded by nyctometry—A screening method for selection of patients who are at risk of developing proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 1985; 63: 39–47, (suppl 173)
  • Mosier M A. Retinal pigment epithelial alterations in the spontaneously diabetic rat. Invest Ophthalmol 1984; 25: 248, (suppl; abstr)
  • Algvere P, Efendil S, Leift R. Retinal microangiopathy and pigment epithelial lessions in subjects with nonelin, borderlinse and decreased oral glucose tolerance. Br J Ophthalmol 1985; 69: 416–419
  • Whitelocke R AF, Kearns M, Blach R K. The diabetic maculopathies. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1979; 99: 314–320
  • Fine B S, Brucker A J. Macular oedema and cystoid macular oedema. Am J Ophthalmol 1981; 92: 466–468
  • Yanoff M, Fine B S, Brucker A J. Pathology of human cystoid macular oedmea. Surv Ophthalmol 1984; 28: 501–511, (suppl)
  • Tso MOM. Tso pathological study of cystoid macular oedema. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1980; 100: 408–413
  • Tso MOM. Pathology of cystoid macular oedema. Ophthalmology 1982; 89: 902–914
  • Ticho U, Patz A. The role of capillary perfusion in the management of diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 1973; 76: 880–886
  • Bresnick G H, De Venecia G, Myers F L. Retinal ischaemic in diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1975; 93: 1300–1310
  • Ffytche T J, Blach R K. The aetiology of macular oedema. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1970; 90: 637–656
  • Aiello L M, Rand L I, Briones J C. Diabetic retinopathy in Joslin clinic patients with adult onset diabetes. Ophthalmology 1981; 88: 619–623
  • Bodansky J J, Cudworth A G, Whitelocke R AF. Diabetic retinopathy and its relation to type of diabetes: Review of a retinal clinic population. Br J Ophthalmol 1982; 66: 496–499
  • Hockaday T DR. Diabetic maculopathy. Br Med J 1983; 286: 915–916
  • Jerneld B, Algvere P. Relationship of duration and onset diabetes to prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1986; 102: 431–437
  • Merin S, Yanko C, Ivry M. Treatment of diabetic maculopathy by argon laser. Br J Ophthalmol 1974; 58: 85–91
  • Rubinstein K, Myska V. Pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic maculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1974; 58: 76–84
  • Multicentre control study. Photocoagulation in treatment of diabetic maculopathy. Interim report. Lancet 1975; 1110–1113
  • McMeel J W, Trempe C L, Franks E B. Diabetic maculopathy. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1977; 83: 476–485
  • Blankenship G W. Diabetic macular edema and argon laser photocoagulation: A prospective randomised study. Ophthalmology 1979; 86: 69–75
  • Townsend C, Bailey J, Kohner E. Xenon arc photocoagulation for the treatment of diabetic maculopathy. Interim report of a multicentre controlled clinical study. Br J Ophthalmol 1980; 64: 385–391
  • Bresnick G H. Diabetic macular edema. A review. Ophthalmology 1986; 93: 989–997
  • Kaback M D, Tanenbaum H L. The macula in diabetes. Can J Ophthalmol 1974; 9: 202–207
  • Patz A, Schatz H, Berkow J M. Macular oedema an over looked complication of diabetic retinopathy. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1973; 77: 34–41
  • Schatz H, Patz A. Cystoid maculopathy in diabetics. Arch Ophthalmol 1976; 94: 761–768
  • Grey R HB, Morris A. Ophthalmic survey of a diabetic clinic: II Requirements for treatment of retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1986; 70: 804–807
  • Bresnick G H. Diabetic maculopathy. A critical review highlighting diffuse macular edema. Ophthalmology 1983; 90: 1301–1317
  • Frank R N. On the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1984; 91: 626–634
  • Roy M S, Rick M E, Higgins K W. Retinal cotton-wool spots: An early finding in diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1986; 70: 772–778

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.