The Shaken Baby Syndrome

References

• Caffey J. Multiple fractures of the long bones of infants suffering from subdural hematoma. Am J Roentgenol. 1946; 56: 163–173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caffey J. On the theory and practice of shaking infants. Am JDis Child 1972; 124: 161–170
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caffey J. The whiplash shaken infant syndrome. Manual shaking by the extremities with whiplash-induced intracranial and intraocular bleedings, linked with residual permanent brain damage and mental retardation. Pediatrics 1974; 54: 396–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig S, Warman M. Shaken baby syndrome: A review of 20 cases. Ann Emerg Med. 1984; 13: 104–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykes L J. The whiplash shaken infant syndrome: What has been learned?. Child Abuse Negt. 1986; 10: 211–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaide R F, Swengel R M, Scharre D W, Mein C E. Shaken baby syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 1990; 41: 1145–1152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc Clelland C Q, Rekate H, Kaufman B, Persse L. Cerebral injury in child abuse: A changing profile. Childs Brain. 1980; 7: 225–235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alexander R, Crabbe L, Sato Y, et al. Serial abuse in children who are shaken. Am J Dis Child 1990; 144: 58–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benstead J G. Shaking as a culpable cause of subdural haemorrhage in infants. Med Sci Law. 1983; 23: 242–244
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guthkelch A N. Infantile subdural haematoma and its relationship to whiplash injuries. Br Med J. 1971; 2: 430–431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank Y, Zimmerman R, Leeds N MD. Neurological manifestations in abused children who have been shaken. Devel Med Child Neurol. 1985; 27: 312–316
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hadley M N, Sonntag V KH, Rekate H L, Murphy A. The infant whiplash-shake injury syndrome: A clinical and pathological study. Neurosurgery 1989; 24: 536–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman R A, Bilaniuk L T, Bruce D, et al. Computed tomography of craniocerebral injury in the abused child. Radiology 1979; 130: 687–690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merten D F, Osborne D RS, Radkowski M A, Leoni-Das J C. Craniocerebral trauma in the child abuse syndrome: Radiological observations. Pediatr Radiol. 1984; 14: 272–277
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newton R W. Intracranial hemorrhage and non-accidental injury. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 188–190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merten D F, Carpenter B LM. Radiologic imaging of inflicted injury in the child abuse syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1990; 37: 815–837
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giangiacomo J, Khan J A, Levine C, Thompson V M. Sequential cranial computed tomography in infants with retinal hemorrhages. Ophthalmology 1988; 95: 295–299
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levin A V, Magnusson M R, Rafto S E, Zimmerman R A. Shaken baby syndrome diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1989; 5: 181–186
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aoki N, Masuzawa H. Infantile acute subdural hematoma. Clinical analysis of 26 cases. Neurosurg. 1984; 61: 273–280
   Google Scholar
• Aoki N. Chronic subdural hematoma in infancy. Clinical analysis of 30 cases in the CT era. J Neurosurg. 1990; 73: 201–205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vowles G H, Scholtz C L, Cameron J M. Diffuse ax-onal injury in early infancy. J Clin Pathol. 1987; 40: 185–190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hobbs C J. Skull fracture and the diagnosis of abuse. Arch Dis Child 1984; 59: 246–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duhaime A C, Gennarelli T A, Thibault L E, et al. The shaken baby syndrome. A clinical, pathological, and biome-chanical study. J. Neurosurg. 1987; 66: 409–415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elner S G, Elner V M, Arnall M, Albert D M. Ocular and associated systemic findings in suspected child abuse. A necropsy study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990; 108: 1094–1101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald M J, Boston D, Pensler J M, Radkowski M A. Orbital roof fractures in childhood. Ophthalmology 1989; 96: 491–496
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reece R M, Grodin M A. Recognition of nonacciden-tal injury. PediatrClin North Am. 1985; 32: 41–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ingraham F D, Matson D D. Subdural hematoma in infancy. JPediatr. 1944; 24: 1–37
   Google Scholar
• Hollenhorst R W, Stein H A. Ocular signs and prognosis in subdural and subarachnoid bleeding in young children. Ophthalmol. 1958; 60: 187–192
   Google Scholar
• Gilkes M J, Mann T P. Fundi of battered babies. Lancet. 1967; 2: 468–469
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friendly D S. Ocular manifestations of physical child abuse. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1971; 75: 318–332
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aron J J, Marx P, Blanck M F, et al. Signes oculaires observes dans le syndrome de Silverman. Ann Ocul. 1970; 203: 533–546
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harcourt B, Hopkins B. Ophthalmic manifestations of the battered-baby syndrome. Br Med J. 1971; 3: 398–401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mushin A S. Ocular damage in the battered-baby syndrome. Br Med J. 1971; 3: 402–404
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eisenbrey A B. Retinal hemorrhage in the battered child. ChOds Brain. 1979; 5: 40–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giangiacomo J, Barkett K J. Ophthalmoscopic findings in occult child abuse. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1985; 22: 234–237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roussey M, Betremieux P, Journel H, et al. L'ophtalmologiste et les victimes des sevices. Fr. Ophtalmol. 1987; 10: 201–205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rao N, Smith R E, Choi J H, et al. Autospy findings in the eyes of fourteen fatally abused children. Forensic Sci Int. 1988; 39: 293–299
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilkinson W S, Han D P, Rappley M D, Owings C L. Retinal hemorrhage predicts neurological injury in the shaken baby syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989; 107: 1472–1474
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter J E, Mc Cormick A Q. Whiplash shaking syndrome: Retinal hemorrhages and computerized axial tomography of the brain. Child Abuse Negl. 1983; 7: 279–286
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phelps C D. The association of pale-centred retinal hemorrhages with intracranial bleeding in infancy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971; 72: 348–350
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spaide R F. Shaken baby syndrome: Ocular and computed tomographic findings. J Clin Neuro Ophthalmol. 1987; 7: 108–111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald M J, Weiss A, Oesterle C S, Friendly D S. Traumatic retinoschisis in battered babies. Ophthalmology 1986; 93: 618–625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maroteaux P, Lamy M. Fundi of battered babies. Lancet. 1967; 2: 829, Letter
   Google Scholar
• Harcourt B, Hopkins D. Permanent chorio-retinal lesions in childhood of suspected traumatic origin. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1973; 93: 199–205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenwald M J, Torcszynski E, Mets M B. Acute retinal lesions in battered babies: Clinicopathological correlation of macular craters. Ophthalmology 1987; 94(suppl)146
   Google Scholar
• Gaynon M W, Koh K, Marmor M F, Frankel L R. Retinal folds in the shaken baby syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988; 106: 423–425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin A V, Elder J E, Enzenauer R W, et al. Postmortem orbital examination in the shaken baby syndrome: Are there diagnostic findings?. Ophthalmology 1990; 97(suppl)121
   Google Scholar
• Lambert S R, Johnson T E, Hoyt C S. Optic nerve sheath and retinal hemorrhages associated with the shaken baby syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986; 104: 1509–1512
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiffney G T, Jr. The eye of the “battered child.”. Arch Ophthalmol. 1964; 72: 231–233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mushin A, Morgan G. Ocular injury in the battered baby syndrome. Report of two cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 1971; 55: 343–347
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen A D, Smith R E, Olson M I. Ocular clues to child abuse. J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1971; 8: 270–272
   Google Scholar
• Weidenthal D T, Levin D B. Retinal detachment in a battered infant. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976; 81: 725–727
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tseng S S, Keys M P. Battered child syndrome simulating congenital glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1976; 94: 839–840
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ober R R. Hemorrhagic retinopathy in infancy: A clinicopathological report. Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1980; 17: 17–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harley R D. Ocular manifestations of child abuse. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabimus. 1980; 17: 5–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer U M. Bedeutung der ophthalmologischen diag-nostik bei misshandelten kindern. Fortschr Ophthalmol. 1986; 83: 425–429
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy I, Wysenbeek Y S, Nitzan M, et al. Occult ocular damage as a leading sign in the battered child syndrome. Metabol Pediatr Systemic Ophthalmol. 1990; 13: 20–22
   Google Scholar
• Williams D F, Meiler W F, Williams G A. Posterior segment manifestations of ocular trauma. Retina. 1990; 10(suppl)S35–S44
   Google Scholar
• Khan S G, Frenkel M. Intravitreal hemorrhage associated with rapid increase in intracranial pressure (Terson's syndrome). Am J Ophthalmol. 1975; 80: 37–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasi L G, Rosman N P. Purtscher retinopathy in the battered child syndrome. Am J Dis Chil. 1975; 129: 1335–1337
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• San Martin R, Steinkuller P G, Nisbet R M. Reintopa-thy in the sexually abused battered child. Ann Ophthalmol. 1981; 13: 89–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sezen F. Retinal hemorrhages in newborn infants. Br J Ophthalmol. 1970; 55: 248–253
   Google Scholar
• Kanter R K. Retinal hemorrhage after cardiopulmonary resuscitation or child abuse. Pediatr. 1986; 108: 430–432
   Google Scholar
• Weedn V W, Mansour A M, Nichols M M. Retinal hemorrhage in an infant after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1990; 11: 79–82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goetting M G, Sowa B. Retinal hemorrhage after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children: An etiologic revaluation. Pediatrics 1990; 85: 585–588
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duane T D. Valsalva hemorrhagic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1973; 75: 637–642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr W G, Marr E G. Some observations on Purtscher's disease: Traumatic retinal angiopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1962; 54: 693–705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tongue A C. Discussion. Ophthalmology 1986; 93: 624–625
   Google Scholar
• Hogan M J. The vitreous, its structure, and relation to the ciliary body and retina. Invest Ophthalmol. 1963; 2: 418–445
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson M R, Streeten B W. Vitreoretinal ring attachments at the macula in normal young eyes: A scanning electron microscopic study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987; 28(suppl)119
   Google Scholar
• Kelley J S, Hoover R E, George T. Whiplash maculop-athy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978; 96: 834–835
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyle D J, Stapp J P, Button R R. Ophthalmologic hydrostatic pressure syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1957; 44: 652–657
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller P J, Deck J HN. Intraocular and optic nerve sheath hemorrhage in cases of sudden intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg. 1974; 41: 160–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald M J. SBS and SIDS. Ann Emerg Med. 1984; 13: 1080, Letter
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teyssier G, Rayet I, Miguet D, et al. Hemorragie cerebro-meningee du nourrisson: Enfants secoues? Sevices ou accident? Trois observations. Pediatric 1988; 43: 535–538
   Google Scholar
• Levin A V. Ocular manifestations of child abuse. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 1990; 3: 249–264
   Google Scholar
• Mc Clellan N J, Prasad R, Punt J. Spontaneous subhy-aloid and retinal hemorrhages in an infant. Arch Dis Child 1986; 61: 1130–1132
   PubMedGoogle Scholar