Autoimmune Response to the Thyroid in Humans: Thyroid Peroxidase-The Common Autoantigenic Denominator

References

• Roitt I. M., Doniach D., Campbell P. M., Hudson R. V. Autoantibodies in Hashimoto's disease (lymphadenoid goitre). Lancet 1956; ii: 820–822
   Google Scholar
• Rose N. R., Witebsky E. Studies on organ specificity. V. Changes in the thyroid glands of rabbits following active immunization with rabbit thyroid extracts. J. Immun 1956; 76: 417–427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigazzi P. E., Rose N. R. Spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in animals as a model of human disease. Prog. Allergy 1975; 19: 245–274
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kong Y. M. The mouse model of autoimmune thyroid disease. Immunology and Medicine, A. M. McGregor. MTP Press Limited, Lancaster 1986
   Google Scholar
• Rapoport B., Chazenbalk G. D., Jaume J. C., Mc Lachlan S. M. The thyrotropin receptor: Interaction with thyrotropin and autoantibodies. Endocr. Rev 1998; 19: 673–716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai G., Levy O., Carrasco N. Cloning and characterization of the thyroid iodide transporter. Nature 1996; 379: 458–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belyavin G., Trotter W. R. Investigations of thyroid antigens reacting with Hashimoto sera. Evidence for an antigen other than thyroglobulin. Lancet 1959; i: 648–652
   Google Scholar
• Czarnocka B., Ruf J., Ferrand M., Carayon P., Lissitzky S. Purification of the human thyroid peroxidase and identification as the microsomal antigen in thyroid diseases. FEBS Letters 1985; 109: 147–152
   Google Scholar
• Seto P., Hirayu H., Magnusson R. P., Gestautas J., Portmann L., De L. J., GrootRapoport B. Isolation of a cDNA clone for the thyroid microsomal antigen: Homology with the gene for thyroid peroxidase. J. Clin. Invest 1987; 80: 1205–1208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libert F., Ruel J., Ludgate M., Swillens S., Alexander N., Vassart G., Dinsart C. Complete nucleotide sequence of the human thyroperoxidase-microsomal antigen cDNA. Nucl. Acids Res. 1987; 15: 6735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc S. M., LachlanRapoport B. The molecular biology of thyroid peroxidase: cloning, expression and role as autoantigen in autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocr. Rev 1992; 13: 192–206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshida H., Amino N., Yagawa K., Uemura K., Satoh M., Miyai K., Kumahara Y. Association of serum antithyroid antibodies with lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland: Studies of seventy autopsied cases. J. din. Endocrinol. Metab 1978; 46: 859–862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amino N., Kuro R., Tanizawa O., Tanaka F., Hayashi C., Kotani K., Kawashima M., Miyai K., Kumahara Y. Changes of serum anti-thyroid antibodies during and after pregnancy in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Clin. Exp. Imrmtnol 1978; 31: 30–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura S., Kotani T., Mc O. W., BrideUmeki K., Hirai K., Nakayama T., Ohtaki S. Human thyroid peroxidase: Complete cDNA and protein sequence, chromosome mapping, and identification of two alternately spliced mRNAs. Proc. Natl. Ácad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 5555–5559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vijlder J. J.M., Dinsart C., Libert F., Geurtsvan Kessel A., Bikker H., Bolhuis P. A., Vassart G. Regional localization of the gene for thyroid peroxidase to human chromosome 2pterXpl2. Cytogenet. Cell Genet 1988; 47: 170–172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roitsch T., Lehle L. Structural requirements for protein N-glycosylation. Influence of acceptor peptides on cotranslational glycosylation of yeast invertase and site-directed mutagenesis around a sequon sequence. Eur. J. Biochem 1989; 181: 525–529
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimura S., Hong Y. S., Kotani T., Ohtaki S., Kikkawa F. Structure of the human thyroid peroxidase gene: Comparison and relationship to the human myeloperoxidase gene. Biochem 1989; 28: 4481–4489
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Libert F., Ruel J., Ludgate M., Swillens S., Alexander N., Vassart G., Dinsart C. Thyroperoxidase, an auto-antigen with a mosaic structure made of nuclear and mitochondrial gene modules. EMBO J 1987; 6: 4193–4196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elisei R., Vassart G., Ludgate M. Demonstration of the existence of the alternatively spliced form of thyroid peroxidase in normal thyroid. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1991; 72: 700–702
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niccoli P., Fayadat L., Panneels V., Lanet J., Franc J. L. Human thyroperox-idase in its alternatively spliced form (TPO2) is enzymatically inactive and exhibits changes in intracellular processing and trafficking. J. Biol. Chem 1997; 272: 29487–29492
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kajita Y., Morgan D., Parkes A. B., Rees Smith B. Labelling and immunoprecipitation of thyroid microsomal antigen. FEBS Letters 1985; 187: 334–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foti D., Kaufman K. D., Chazenbalk G. D., Rapoport B. Generation of a biologically-active, secreted form of human thyroid peroxidase by site-directed mutagenesis. Mol. Endocrinol 1990; 4: 786–791
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohtaki S., Kotani T., Nakamura Y. Characterization of human thyroid peroxidase purified by monoclonal antibody-assisted chromatography. J. Clin Endocrinol. Metab. 1986; 63: 570–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taurog A., Dorris M. L., Yokoyama N., Slaughter C. Purification and characterization of a large, tryptic fragment of human thyroid peroxidase with high catalytic activity. Arch. Biochem. Biophys 1990; 278: 333–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler D. L., Brennan V., Davies T. F., Magnusson R. P. Expression of human thyroid peroxidase in insect cells using recombinant baculovirus. Mol. Cell Endocrinol 1993; 93: 199–206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fan L. J., Patibandla S. A., Kimura S., Rao T., Desai R. K., Seetharamaiah G. S., Kurosky A., Prabhakar B. S. Purification and characterization of a recombinant human thyroid peroxidase expressed in insect cells. J. Autoimmun 1996; 9: 529–536
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seto P., Nagayama Y., Foti D., Mc S. M., LachlanRapoport B. Autoantibodies in the sera of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease recognize a secreted form of thyroid peroxidase generated in a baculovirus system. Molec. Cell Endocrinol. 1993; 94: R5–R8
   Google Scholar
• Grennan Jones F., Wolstenholme A., Fowler S., Smith S., Ziemnicka K., Bradbury J., Furmaniak J., ReesSmith B. High-level expression of recombinant immunoreactive thyroid peroxidase in the High Five insect cell line. J. Mol. Endocrinol 1996; 17: 165–174
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaufman K. D., Rapoport B., Seto P., Chazenbalk G. D., Magnusson R. P. Generation of recombinant, enzymatically-active, human thyroid peroxidase and its recognition by antibodies in the sera of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J. din. Invest 1989; 84: 394–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler D. L., Martin A., Magnusson R. P., Davies T. F. Detection of auto-antibodies to recombinant human thyroid peroxidase by sensitive enzyme immunoassay. Clin. Endocrinol 1990; 33: 751–760
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaufman K. D., Foti D., Seto P., Rapoport B. Overexpression of an immunologically-intact, secreted form of human thyroid peroxidase in eukaryotic cells. Molec. Cell Endocrinol 1991; 78: 107–114
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo J., Mc S. M., LachlanHutchison J. S., Rapoport B. The greater glycan content of recombinant human thyroid peroxidase of mammalian than on insect cell origin facilitates purification to homogeneity of enzymatically active protein remaining soluble at high concentration. Endocrinol 1998; 139: 999–1005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foti D., Rapoport B. Carbohydrate moieties in recombinant human thyroid peroxidase: Role in recognition by antithyroid peroxidase antibodies in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Endocrinol 1990; 126: 2983–2988
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiso Y., Furmaniak J., Morteo C., Rees Smith B. Analysis of carbohydrate residues on human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg) and effects of deglycosylation, reduction and unfolding on autoantibody binding. Autoimmunity 1992; 12: 259–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holborow E. J., Brown P. C., Roitt I. M., Doniach D. Cytoplasmic localization of “complement-fixing: autoantigen in human thyroid epithelium. Brit. J. Exp. Pathol. 1959; 40: 583
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bird T., Stephenson J. Evaluation of a tanned red cell technique for thyroid microsomal antibodies. J. Clin. Pathol 1973; 26: 623–627
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schardt C. W., Mc S. M., LachlanMatheson J., Rees Smith B. An enzyme-linked immunoassay for thyroid microsomal antibodies. J. Immunol. Methods 1982; 55: 155–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portolano S., Chazenbalk G. D., Seto P., Hutchison J. S., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Recognition by recombinant autoimmune thyroid disease-derived Fab fragments of a dominant conformational epitope on human thyroid peroxidase. J. Clin. Invest 1992; 90: 720–726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruf J., Czarnocka B., Ferrand M., Doullais F., Carayon P. Novel routine assay of thyroperoxidase autoantibodies. Clin. Chem 1988; 34: 2231–2234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beever K., Bradbury J., Phillips D., Mc S. M., LachlanPegg C., Goral A., Overbeck W., Feifel G., Rees Smith B. Highly sensitive assays of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and to thyroid peroxidase. Clin. Chem 1989; 35: 1949–1954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama N., Taurog A., Klee G. G. Thyroid peroxidase and thyroid microsomal autoantibodies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1989; 68: 766–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima Y., Howells R. D., Pegg C., Davies E. Jones, Rees Smith B. Structure activity analysis of microsomal antigen thyroid peroxidase. Molec. Cell Endocrinol 1987; 53: 15–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Londei M., Bottazzo G. F., Feldmann M. Human T cell clones from autoimmune thyroid glands: Specific recognition of autologous thyroid cells. Science 1985; 228: 85–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weetman A. P., Volkman D. J., Burman K. D., Margolick J. B., Petrick P., Weintraub B. D., Fauci A. S. The production and characterization of thyroid-derived T-cell lines in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol 1986; 39: 139–150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mackenzie W. A., Schwartz A. E., Friedman E. W., Davies T. F. Intrathyroidal T cell clones from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1987; 64: 818–824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuma N., Mc S. M., LachlanRapoport B., Goodacre J., Middleton S. L., Phillips D. I.W., Pegg C. A.S., ReesSmith B. Thyroid autoantigens and human T cell responses. Clin. Exp. Immunal 1990; 82: 275–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandon N., Freeman M., Weetman A. P. T cell responses to synthetic thyroid peroxidase peptides in autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1991; 86: 56–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawakami Y., Fisfalen M. E., De Groot L. J. Proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease to synthetic peptide epitopes of human thyroid peroxidase. Autoimmunity 1992; 13: 17–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewins D. L., Barnett P. S., Ratachaiyavong S., Sharrock C., Lanchbury J., Mc A. M., GregorBanga J. P. Antigen-specific T cell recognition of affinity-purified and recombinant thyroid peroxidase in autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1992; 90: 93–98
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisfalen M. E., De L. J., GrootFranklin W. A., Soltani K. Microsomal antigen-reactive lymphocyte lines and clones derived from thyroid tissue of patients with Graves' disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1988; 66: 776–784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayan C. M., Londei M., Corcoran A. E., Grubeck B., LoebensteinJames R. F.L., Rapoport B., Feldmann M. Autoantigen recognition by thyroid-infiltrating T cells in Graves disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 7415–7419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisfalen M. E., Palmer E. M., van Seventer G. A., Soltani K., Sawai Y., Kaplan E., Hidaka Y., Ober C., De Groot L. J. Thyrotropin-receptor and thyroid peroxidase-specific T cell clones and their cytokine profile in autoimmune thyroid disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1997; 82: 3655–3663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuo H. A., Batocchi P., Hawke S., Nicolle M., Jacobson L., Vincent A., Newsom J., DavisWillcox N. Peptide-selected T cell lines from myasthenia gravis patients and controls recognize epitopes that are not processed from whole acetylcholine receptor. J. Immunol 1995; 155: 3683–3692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin A., Magnusson R. P., Kendler D. L., Conception E., Ben A., NunDavies T. F. Endogenous antigen presentation by autoantigen-transfected Epstein-Barr virus-lymphoblastoid cells. J. Clin. Invest 1993; 91: 1567–1574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins R. J., Chernajovsky Y., Dayan C., Londei M., Feldmann M. Transfection of thyroid autoantigens into EBV-transformed B cell lines. J. Immunol 1994; 152: 5572–5580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo J., Quaratino S., Jaume J. C., Costante G., Londei M., Mc S. M., LachlanRapoport B. Autoantibody-mediated capture and presentation of autoantigen to T cells via the Fc epsilon receptor by a recombinant human autoantibody Fab converted to IgE. J. Immunol. Methods 1996; 195: 81–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies T. F., Martin A., Concepcion E. S., Graves P., Cohen L., Ben A. Nun. Evidence of limited variability of antigen receptors on intrathyroidal T cells in autoimmune thyroid disease. N. Engl. J. Med 1991; 325: 238–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies T. F., Martin A., Concepcion E. S., Graves P., Lahat N., Cohen W. L., Ben A. Nun. Evidence for selective accumulation of intrathyroidal T lymphocytes in human autoimmune thyroid disease based on T cell receptor V gene usage. J. Clin. Invest 1992; 89: 157–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLntosh R. S., Watson P. F., Pickerill A. P., Davies R., Weetman A. P. No restriction of intrathyroidal T cell receptor V alpha families in the thyroid of Graves' disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1993; 91: 147–152
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quaratino S., Feldmann M., Dayan C. M., Acuto O., Londei M. Human self-reactive T cell clones expressing identical T cell receptor beta chains differ in their ability to recognize a cryptic self-epitope. J. Exp. Med 1996; 183: 349–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruf J., Toubert M., Czarnocka B., Durand J., GordeFerrand M., Carayon P. Relationship between immunological structure and biochemical properties of human thyroid peroxidase. Endocrinol 1989; 125: 1211–1218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes A. B., Mc S. M., LachlanBird P., ReesSmith B. The distribution of microsomal and thyroglobulin antibody activity among the IgG subclasses. Clin. Exp. Immunal 1984; 57: 239–243
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weetman A. P., Black C. M., Cohen S. B., Tomlinson R., Banga J. P., Reimer C. B. Affinity purification of IgG subclasses and the distribution of thyroid auto-antibody reactivity in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Scand. J. Immunal 1989; 30: 73–82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weetman A. P. IgA class and subclass thyroid autoantibodies in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Int. Archs. Allergy, appl. Immun 1987; 83: 432–435
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prummel M. F., Wiersinga W. M., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. IgA class thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin autoantibodies in Graves' disease: association with the male sex. Autoimmunity 1993; 16: 153–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo J., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies of IgE class in thyroid autoimmunity. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol 1997; 82: 157–162
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Portolano S., Seto P., Chazenbalk G. D., Nagayama Y., Mc S. M., LachlanRapoport B. A human Fab fragment specific for thyroid peroxidase generated by cloning thyroid lymphocyte-derived immunoglobulin genes in a bacteriophage lambda library. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm 1991; 179: 372–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chazenbalk G. D., Portolano S., Russo D., Hutchison J. S., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Human organ-specific autoimmune disease: molecular cloning and expression of an autoantibody gene repertoire for a major autoantigen reveals an antigenic dominant region and restricted immunoglobulin gene usage in the target organ. J. Clin. Invest 1993; 92: 62–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portolano S., Chazenbalk G. D., Hutchison J. S., Mc S. M., LachlanRapoport B. Lack of promiscuity in autoantigen-specific H and L chain combinations as revealed by human H and L chain “roulette”. J. Immunol 1993; 150: 880–887
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hexham J. M., Partridge L. J., Furmaniak J., Peterson V. B., Colls J. C.J., Pegg C. R., Rees B., SmithBurton D. R. Cloning and characterisation of TPO autoantibodies using combinatorial phage display libraries. Autoimmunity 1994; 17: 167–179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Portolano S., Mc S. M., LachlanRapoport B. High affinity, thyroid-specific human autoantibodies displayed on the surface of filamentous phage use V genes similar to other autoantibodies. J. Immunol 1993; 151: 2839–2851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLntosh R. S., Asghar M. S., Kemp E. H., Watson P. F., Gardas A., Banga J. P., Weetman A. P. Analysis of IgG kappa anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies from different tissues in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1997; 82: 3818–3825
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaume J. C., Portolano S., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Influence of the light chain repertoire on immunoglobulin genes encoding thyroid autoantibody Fab from combinatorial libraries. Autoimmunity 1996; 24: 11–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaume J. C., Guo J., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. The epitopic “fingerprint” of thyroid peroxidase-specific Fab isolated from a patient's thyroid gland by the combinatorial library approach resembles that of autoantibodies in the donor's serum. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol 1997; 84: 150–157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo J., Wang Y., Jaume J. C., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Rarity of autoantibodies to a major autoantigen, thyroid peroxidase, that interact with denatured antigen or with epitopes outside the immunodominant region. Clin. Exp. Immunal 1999; 117: 19–29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rapoport B., Portolano S., Mc Lachlan S. M. Combinatorial immunoglobulin gene libraries: new insights into human organ-specific autoantibodies. Immunol. Today 1995; 16: 43–49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rees Smith B., Mc S. M., LachlanFurmaniak J. Autoantibodies to the thyro-tropin receptor. Endocr. Rev 1988; 9: 106–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc S. M., LachlanRapoport B. Genetic and epitopic analysis of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) autoantibodies: markers of the human thyroid autoimmune response. Clin. Exp. Immunal 1995; 101: 200–206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Portolano S., Prummel M. F., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Molecular cloning and characterization of human thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies of lambda light chain type. Molec. Immunol 1995; 32: 1157–1169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLntosh R. S., Weetman A. P. Molecular analysis of the antibody response to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. Thyroid 1997; 7: 471–487
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olee T., Lu E. W., D-Huang F., Soto R. W., GilDeftos M., Kozin F., Carson D. A., Chen P. P. Genetic analysis of self-associating immunoglobulin G rheumatoid factors from two rheumatoid synovia implicates an antigen-driven response. J. Exp. Med 1992; 175: 831–842
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Es J. H., Aanstoot H., Gmelig F. H.J., Meyling R., Derksen H. W.M., Logtenberg T. A human systemic lupus erythematosus-related anti-cardiolipin/single-stranded DNA autoantibody is encoded by a somatically mutated variant of the developmentally restricted 51P1 VH gene. J. Immunal 1992; 149: 2234–2240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikematsu H., Harindranath N., Ueki Y., Notkins A. L., Casali P. Clonal analysis of a human antibody response. II. Sequences of the VH genes of human IgM, IgG, and IgA to rabies virus reveal preferential utilization of VH III segments and somatic hypennutation. J. Immunol 1993; 150: 1325–1337
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silberstein L. E., Jefferies L. C., Goldman J., Friedman D., Moore J. S., Nowell P. C., Roelcke N. D., Pruzanski W., Roudier J., Silverman G. J. Variable region gene analysis of pathologic human autoantibodies to the related i and I red blood cell antigens. Blood 1991; 78: 2372–2386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonacchera M., Cetani F., Costagliola S., Alcalde L., Uibo R., Vassart G., Ludgate M. Mapping thyroid peroxidase epitopes using recombinant protein fragments. Eur. J. Endocrinol 1995; 132: 53–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton D. R., Barbas C. F., III. Human antibodies from combinatorial libraries. Advances in Immunology 1994; 57: 191–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costante G., Portolano S., Nishikawa T., Jaume J. C., Chazenbalk G. D., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Recombinant thyroid peroxidase-specific autoantibodies. II. Role of individual heavy and light chains in determining epitope recognition. Endocrinol 1994; 134: 25–30
   Google Scholar
• Gardas A., Domek H. The effect of sulphydryl reagents on the human thyroid microsomal antigen. J. Endocrinol. Invest 1988; 11: 385–388
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamada N., Jaeduck N., Portmann L., Ito K., De Groot L. J. Antibodies against denatured and reduced thyroid microsomal antigen in autoimmune thyroid disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1987; 64: 230–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann M., Magee M., Koenig R. J., Kaplan M. M., Maastricht J., Johnson J., Baker J. R. Jr., Differential autoantibody responses to thyroid peroxidase in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1993; 77: 1098–1101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arscott P. L., Koenig R. J., Kaplan M. M., Glick G. D., Baker J. R. Jr., Unique autoantibody epitopes in an immunodominant region of thyroid peroxidase. J. Biol. Chem 1996; 271: 4966–4973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finke R., Seto P., Ruf J., Carayon P., Rapoport B. Determination al the molecular level of a B-cell epitope on thyroid peroxidase likely to be associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1991; 73: 919–921
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Libert F., Ludgate M., Dinsart C., Vassart G. Thyroperoxidase, but not the thyrotropin receptor, contains sequential epitopes recognized by autoantibodies in recombinant peptides expressed in the pUEX vector. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1991; 73: 857–860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikawa T., Costante G., Prummel M. F., Mc S. M., LachlanRapoport B. Recombinant thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies can be used for epitopic “fingerprinting” of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies in the sera of individual patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1994; 78: 944–949
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaume J. C., Costante G., Nishikawa T., Phillips D. I.W., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Thyroid peroxidase autoantibody fingerprints in hypothyroid and euthyroid individuals. I. Cross-sectional study in elderly women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1995; 80: 994–999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaume J. C., Parkes A. B., Lazarus J. H., Hall R., Costante G., Mc S. M., LachlanRapoport B. Thyroid peroxidase autoantibody fingerprints. II. A longitudinal study in postpartum thyroiditis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1995; 80: 1000–1005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaume J. C., Burek C. L., Hoffman W. H., Rose N., Mc S. M., LachlanRapoport B. Thyroid peroxidase autoantibody epitopic “fingerprints” in juvenile Hashimoto's thyroiditis: Evidence for conservation over time and in families. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1996; 104: 115–123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaume J. C., Guo J., Pauls D. L., Zakarija M., Mc J. M., KenzieEgeland J. A., Burek C. L., Rose N. R., Hoffman W. H., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Evidence for genetic transmission of thyroid peroxidase autoantibody epitopic “fingerprints”. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1999; 84: 1424–1431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czarnocka B., Janota M., BzowskiMcLntosh R. S., Asghar M. S., Watson P. F., Kemp E. H., Carayon P., Weetman A. P. Immunoglobulin G kappa anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: Epitope mapping analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1997; 82: 2639–2644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo J., McLntosh R. S., Czarnocka B., Weetman A., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Relationship between autoantibody epitopic recognition and immunoglobulm gene usage. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1998; 111: 408–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czarnocka B., Pastuszko D., Carayon P., Ruf J., Gardas A. Majority of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease are directed to a single TPO domain. Autoimmunity 1996; 23: 145–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentice L. M., Phillips D. I.W., Sarsero D., Beever K., Mc S. M., LachlanReesSmith B. Geographical distribution of subclinical autoimmune thyroid disease in Britain: a study using highly sensitive direct assays for autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. Acta Endocrinol. Copenh. 1990; 123: 493–498
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohno Y., Yamaguchi F., Saito K., Niimi H., Nishikawa T., Hosoya T. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in sera from healthy subjects and from patients with chronic thyroiditis: differences in the ability to inhibit thyroid peroxidase activities. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1991; 85: 459–463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng J., Fenna R. E. X-ray crystal structure of canine myeloperoxidase at 3 A resolution. J. Mol. Biol 1992; 226: 185–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikawa T., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. The quest for the autoantibody immunodominant region on thyroid peroxidase: Guided mutagenesis based on a hypothetical 3-dimensional model. Endocrinol 1996; 137: 1000–1006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikawa T., Nagayama Y., Seto P., Rapoport B. Human thyroid peroxidase-myeloperoxidase chimeric molecules: tools for the study of antigen recognition by thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. Endocrinol 1994; 133: 2496–2501
   Google Scholar
• Nishikawa T., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Exclusion of two major areas on thyroid peroxidase from the immunodominant region containing the conformational epitopes recognized by human autoantibodies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1994; 79: 1648–1654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estienne V., Duthoit C., Vinet L., Durand J. M., GordeCarayon P., Ruf J. A conformational B-cell epitope on the C-terminal end of the extracellular part of human thyroid peroxidase. J. Biol. Chem 1998; 273: 8056–8062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estienne V., Blanchet C., Niccoli P., SireDuthoit C. M., Durand J., GordeGeourjon C., Baty D., Carayon P., Ruf J. Molecular model, calcium sensitivity, and disease specificity of a conformational thyroperoxidase B cell epitope. J. Biol. Chem 1999; 274: 35313–35317
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chacko S., Padlan E., Portolano S., Mc S. M., LachlanRapoport B. Structural studies of human autoantibodies. Crystal structure of a thyroid peroxidase autoantibody Fab. J. Biol. Chem 1996; 271: 12191–12198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardas A., Sohi M. K., Sutton B. J., Mc A. M., GregorBanga J. P. Purification and crystallization of the autoantigen thyroid peroxidase from human Graves' thyroid tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm 1997; 234: 366–370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendry E., Taylor G., Ziemnicka K., Grennan J. F., Furmaniak J., Rees S. B. Recombinant human thyroid peroxidase expressed in insect cells is soluble at high concentrations and forms diffracting crystals. J. Endocrinol. 1999; 160: R13–R15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall R., Owen S. G., Smart G. A. Evidence for genetic predisposition to formation of thyroid autoantibodies. Lancet 1960; 10: 187–188
   Google Scholar
• Phillips D., Prentice L., Upadhyaya M., Lunt P., Chamberlain S., Roberts D. F., Mc S. M., LachlanReesSmith B. Autosomal dominant inheritance of autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin-Studies in families not selected for autoimmune thyroid disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1991; 72: 973–975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roitt I. M., Doniach D. A reassessment of studies on the aggregation of thyroid autoimmunity in families of thyroiditis patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1967; 2: 727–736
   Google Scholar
• Burek C. L., Hoffman W. H., Rose N. R. The presence of thyroid autoantibodies in children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroid disease and in their siblings and parents. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol 1982; 25: 395–404
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pauls D. L., Zakarija M., Mc J. M., KenzieEgeland J. A. Complex segregation analysis of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase in old order Amish families. Am. J. Med. Genet 1993; 47: 375–379
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips D. I.W., Shields D. C., Dugoujon J. M., Prentice L., Mc P., GuffinReesSmith B. Complex segregation analysis of thyroid autoantibodies: are they inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Hum. Hered 1993; 43: 141–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies T. F. Autoimmune thyroid disease genes come in many styles and colors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1998; 83: 3391–3393
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Connor G., Neufeld D. S., Greenberg D. A., Concepcion E. S., Roman S. H., Davies T. F. Lack of disease associated HLA-DQ restriction fragment length polymorphisms in families with autoimmune thyroid disease. Autoimmunity 1993; 14: 237–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heward J. M., Allahabadia A., Daykin J., Carr J., SmithDaly A., Armitage M., Dodson P. M., Sheppard M. C., Barnett A. H., Franklyn J. A., Gough S. C.L. Linkage disequlibrium between the human leukocyte antigen class II region of the major histocompatibility complex and Graves' disease: Replication using a population case control and family-based study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1998; 83: 3394–3397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomer Y., Barbesino G., Keddache M., Greenberg D. A., Davies T. F. Mapping of a major susceptibility locus for Graves' disease (GD-1) to chromosome 14q31. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1997; 82: 1645–1648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allahabadia A., Heward J. M., Mijovic C., Carr J., SmithDaykin J., Cockram C., Barnett A. H., Sheppard M. C., Franklyn J. A., Gough S. C.L. Lack of association between polymorphism of the thyrotropin receptor gene and Graves' disease in United Kingdom and Hong Kong Chinese patients: Case control and family-based studies. Thyroid 1998; 8: 777–780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbesino G., Tomer Y., Conception E., Davies T. F., Greenberg D. A. Linkage analysis of candidate genes in autoimmune thyroid disease. I. Selected immunoregulatory genes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1998; 83: 1580–1589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterman E. A., Watson P. F., Lazarus J. H., Parkes A. B., Darke C., Weetman A. P. A study of the association between a polymorphism in the CTLA-4 gene and postpartum thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol. (Oxf) 1998; 49: 251–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya B., Imrie H., Perros P., Young E. T., Kelly W. F., Carr D., Large D. M., Toft A. D., Mc M. I., CarthyKendall P., TaylorPearce S. H. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 is a major Graves' disease locus. Hum. Mol. Genet 1999; 8: 1195–1199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awata T., Kurihara S., Litaka M., Takei S., Inoue I., Negishi K., Izumida T., Yoshida Y., Hagura R., Kuzuya N., Kanazawa Y., Katayama S. Association of CTLA-4 gene A-G polymorphism (IDDM12 locus) with acute-onset and insulin-depleted IDDM as well as autoimmunethyroid disease (Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis) in the Japanese population. Diabetes 1998; 47: 128–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard J. M., Allahabadia A., Armitage M., Hattersley A., Dodson P. M., Macleod K., Carr J., SmithDaykin J., Daly A., Sheppard M. C., Holder R. L., Barnett A. H., Franklyn J. A., Gough S. C. The development of Graves' disease and the CTLA-4 gene on chromosome 2q33. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1999; 84: 2398–2401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mosmann T. R., Coffman R. L. TH1 and TH2 cells: Different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Ann. Rev. Immunol 1989; 7: 145–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc S. M., LachlanTaverne J., Atherton M. C., Cooke A., Middleton S. L., Pegg C., Clark F., ReesSmith B. Cytokines, thyroid autoantibody synthesis and thyroid cell survival in culture. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1990; 79: 175–181
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del Prete G., Tin A., Mariotti S., Pinchera A., Ricci M., Romagnani S. Enhanced production of gamma-interferon by thyroid-derived T cell clones from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1987; 69: 323–331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paschke R., Schuppert F., Taton M., Velu T. Intrathyroidal cytokine gene expression profiles in autoimmune thyroiditis. J. Endocrinol 1994; 141: 309–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc S. M., LachlanPrummel M. F., Rapoport B. Cell-mediated or humoral immunity in Graves' ophthalmopathy? Profiles of T-cell cytokines amplified by polymerase chain reaction from orbital tissue. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1994; 78: 1070–1074
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ajjan R. A., Watson P. F., McLntosh R. S., Weetman A. P. Intrathyroidal cytokine gene expression in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1996; 105: 523–528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuer M., Aust G., Ode S., HakimScherbaum W. A. Different cytokine mRNA profiles in Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and nonautoimmune thyroid disorders determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Thyroid 1996; 6: 97–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo J., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Cytokine profiles of in vivo activated thyroid-infiltrating T cells cloned in the presence or absence of interleukin-4. Autoimmunity 1997; 26: 103–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roura C., MirCatalfamo M., Sospedra M., Alcalde L., Pujol R., BorrellJaraquemada D. Single-cell analysis of intrathyroidal lymphocytes shows differential cytokine expression in Hashimoto's and Graves' disease. Eur. J. Immunol 1997; 27: 3290–3302
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisfalen M. E., Soltani K., Kaplan E., Palmer E. M., van Seventer G. A., Straus F. H., Diaz M., Ober C., De Groot L. J. Evaluating the role of ThO and Thl clones in autoimmune thyroid disease by use of Hu-SCID chimeras. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol 1997; 85: 253–264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo J., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Balance of Thl/Th2 cytokines in thyroid autoantibody synthesis. in vitro. Autoimmunity 1999; 30: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano C., Stassi G., De Maria R., Todaro M., Richiusa P., Papoff G., Ruberti G., Bagnasco M., Testi R., Galluzzo A. Potential involvement of Fas and its ligand in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Science 1997; 275: 960–963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arscott P. L., Baker J. R. Jr., Apoptosis and thyroiditis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol 1998; 87: 207–217
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del Prete G., Maggi E., Mariotti S., Tiri A., Vercelli D., Parronchi P., Macchia D., Pinchera A., Ricci M., Romagnani S. Cytolytic T lymphocytes with natural killer activity in thyroid infiltrate of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: Analysis at clonal level. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1986; 62: 52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Prete G., Vercelli D., Tiri A., Maggi E., Mariotti S., Ricci M., Romagnani S. In vivo activated cytotoxic T cells in the thyroid infiltrate of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1986; 64: 140–147
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie W. A., Davies T. F. An intrathyroidal T-cell clone specifically cytotoxic for human thyroid cells. Immunol 1987; 61: 101–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trotter W. R., Belyavin G., Wadhams A. Precipitating and complement-fixing antibodies in Hashimoto's disease. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 1957; 50: 961
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mc S. M., LachlanPegg C. A.S., Atherton M. C., Middleton S. L., Dickinson A., Clark F., Proctor S. J., Proud G., ReesSmith B. Subpopulations of thyroid autoantibody secreting lymphocytes in Graves' and Hashimoto thyroid glands. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1986; 65: 319–328
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khoury E. L., Hammond L., Bottazzo G. F., Doniach D. Presence of organ specific “microsomal” autoantigen on the surface of human thyroid cells in culture: Its involvement in complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1981; 45: 316–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadeleux P., Winand J., DeligneRuf J., Carayon P., Winand R. Cytotoxic assay of circulating thyroid peroxidase antibodies. Autoimmunity 1989; 4: 247–254
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiovato L., Bassi P., Santini F., Mammoli C., Lapi P., Carayon P., Pinchera A. Antibodies producing complement-mediated thyroid cytotoxicity in patients with atrophic or goitrous autoimmune thyroiditis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1993; 77: 1700–1705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandon K., Yan S. L., Morgan B. P., Weetman A. P. Expression and function of multiple regulators of complement activation in autoimmune thyroid disease. Immunol 1994; 81: 643–647
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bogner U., Schleusener H., Wall J. R. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against human thyroid cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis but not Graves' disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1984; 59: 734–738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodien P. A., Madec M., Morel Y., Stefanutti A., Bornet H., Orgiazzi J. Assessment of antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity in autoimmune thyroid disease using porcine thyroid cells. Autoimmunity 1992; 13: 177–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo J., Jaume J. C., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Recombinant thyroid peroxidase-specific Fab converted to immunoglobulin (IgG) molecules: Evidence for thyroid cell damage by IgGl but not IgG4 autoantibodies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1997; 82: 925–931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amino K., Mori H., Iwatani Y., Tanizawa O., Kawashima M., Tsuge I., Ibaragi K., Kumahara Y., Miyai K. High prevalence of transient postpartum thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. N. Engl. J. Med 1982; 306: 849–852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansson R., Thompson P. M., Clark F., Mc Lachlan S. M. Association between thyroid microsomal antibodies of subclass IgG-1 and hypothyroidism in autoimmune postpartum thyroiditis. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1986; 63: 80–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Briones R., UrbinaParkes A. B., Bogner U., Mariotti S., Walfish P. G. Increase in antimicrosomal antibody-related IgGl and IgG4, and tilers of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies, but not antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in post-partum thyroiditis with transient hyperthyroidism. J. Endocrinol. Invest 1990; 13: 879–886
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weetman A. P., Fung H. Y.M., Richards C. J., Mc Gregor A. M. IgG subclass distribution and relative functional affinity of thyroid microsomal antibodies in postpartum thyroiditis. Eur. J. Clin. Invest 1990; 20: 133–136
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bottazzo G. F., Pujol R., BorrellHanafusa T., Feldmann M. Role of aberrant HLA-DR expression and antigen presentation in induction of endocrine autoimmunity. Lancet 1983; 10: 115–118
   Google Scholar
• Jaume I. C., Guo J., Wang Y., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Cellular thyroid peroxidase (TPO), unlike purified IPO and adjuvant, induces antibodies in mice that resemble autoantibodies in human autoimmune thyroid disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1999; 84: 1651–1657
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lanzavecchia A. Receptor-mediated antigen uptake and its effect on antigen presentation to class II-restricted T lymphocytes. Ann. Rev. Immunol 1990; 8: 773–793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simitsek P. D., Campbell D. G., Lanzavecchia A., Fairweather N., Watts C. Modulation of antigen processing by bound antibodies can boost or suppress class II major histocompatibility complex presentation of different T cell determinants. J. Exp. Med 1995; 181: 1957–1963
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dai Y., Carayanniotis K. A., Eliades P., Lymberi P., Shepherd P., Kong Y., Carayanniotis G. Enhancing or suppressive effects of antibodies on processing of a pathogenic T cell epitope in thyroglobulin. J. Immunol 1999; 162: 6987–6992
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo J., Rapoport B., Mc Lachlan S. M. Evidence for antigen presentation to T cells by thyroid peroxidase (TPO)-specific B cells in mice injected with fibro-blasts co-expressing TPO and MHC class II. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1999
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mc S. M., LachlanMc A., GregorRees B., SmithHall R. Thyroid-autoantibody synthesis by Hashimoto thyroid lymphocytes. Lancet 1979; i: 162–163
   Google Scholar
• Weetman A. P., Mc A. M., GregorLazarus J. H., Hall R. Thyroid autoantibodies are produced by thyroid-derived lymphocytes. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1982; 48: 196–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc S. M., LachlanDickinson A. M., Malcolm A. J., Farndon J. R., Young E., Proctor S. J., ReesSmith B. Thyroid autoantibody synthesis by cultures of thyroid and peripheral blood lymphocytes. I. Lymphocytes markers and response to pokeweed mitogen. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1983; 52: 45–53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weetman A. P., Mc A. M., GregorWheeler M. H., Hall R. Extrathyroidal sites of autoantibody synthesis in Graves' disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1984; 56: 330–336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atherton M. C., Mc S. M., LachlanPegg C. A.S., Dickinson A., Baylis P., Young E. T., Proctor S. J., ReesSmith B. Thyroid autoantibody synthesis by lymphocytes from different lymphoid organs: fractionation of B cells on density gradients. Immunol 1985; 55: 271–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc S. M., LachlanPegg C. A.S., Atherton M. C., Middleton S. M., Clark F., ReesSmith B. TSH receptor antibody synthesis by thyroid lymphocytes. Clin. Endocrinol 1986; 24: 223–230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aust G., Lehmann I., Heberling H.-J. Different immunophenotype. and autoantibody production by peripheral blood and thyroid-derived lymphocytes in patients with Graves' disease. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol 1996; 104: 50–58
   Google Scholar
• Mc S. M., LachlanRapoport B. Evidence for a potential common T-cell epitope between human thyroid peroxidase and human thyroglobulin with implications for the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Autoimmunity 1989; 5: 101–106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar