Fusion Proteins with Heterologous T Helper Epitopes. Recombinant E. coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin Proteins

References

• Mitchison N. A. The carrier effect in the secondary response to hapten-protein conjugates. Eur. J. Immunol 1971; 1: 18–27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berzofsky J. A. T-B reciprocity. An Ia-restricted epitope specific circuit regulating T cells-B cell interaction and antibody specificity. Surv. Immunol 1983; 2: 223–229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manca E., Kunkl A., Fenoglio D., Fowler A., Sercarz E., Celada F. Constraints in T-B cooperation related to epitope topology on E. coli, β-galactosidase. I. The fine specificity of T cells dictates the fine specificity of antibodies directed to conformation-dependent determinants. Eur. J. Immunol 1985; 15: 345–350
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gammon G., Shastri N., Cogswell J., Wilbur S., Sadegh N. S., Krzych U., Miller A., Sercarz E. The choice of T-cell epitopes utilized on a protein antigen depends on multiple factors distant from, as well as at the determinant site. Immunol. Rev 1987; 98: 53–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demotz S., Matricardi P. M., Irle C., Panina P., Lanzavecchia A., Corradin G. Processing of tetanus toxin by human antigen-presenting cells: Evidence for donor and epitope-specific processing pathways. J. Immunol 1989; 143: 3881–3886
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ria F., Chan B. M., Scherer M. T., Smith J. A., Gefter M. L. Immunological activity of covalently linked T-cell epitopes. Nature 1990; 343: 381–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adorini L., Appella E., Doria G., Nagy Z. A. Mechanisms influencing the immunodominance of T cell determinants. J. Exp. Med 1988; 168: 2091–2104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaeffer E. B., Sette A., Johnson D. L., Bekoff M. C., Smith J. A., Grey H. M., Buus S. Relative contribution of “determinant selection” and “holes in the T-cell repertoire” to T-cell responses. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 4649–4653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis M. J., Hastings G. Z., Syred A. D., McGinn B., Brown F., Rowlands D. J. Non-responsiveness to a foot-and-mouth disease virus peptide overcome by addition of foreign helper T-cell determinants. Nature 1987; 330: 168–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good M. E., Maloy W. L., Lunde M. N., Margalit H., Cornette J. L., Smith G. L., Moss B., Miller L. H., Berzofsky J. A. Construction of synthetic immunogen: use of new T-helper epitope on malaria circumsporozoite protein. Science 1987; 235: 1059–1062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclerc C., Przewlocki G., Schutze M. P., Chedid L. A synthetic vaccine constructed by copolymerization of B and T cell determinants. Eur. J. Immunol 1987; 17: 269–273
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milich D. R., Hughes J. L., McLachlan A., Thornton G. B., Moriarty A. Hepatitis B synthetic immunogen comprised of nucleocapsid T-cell sites and an envelope B-cell epitope. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 1610–1614
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinigaglia F., Guttinger M., Kilgus J., Doran D. M., Matile H., Etlinger H., Trzeciak A., Gillessen D., Pink J. R. A malaria T-cell epitope recognized in association with most mouse and human MHC class II molecules. Nature 1988; 336: 778–780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox J. H., Ivanyi J., Young D. B., Lamb J. R., Syred A. D., Francis M. J. Orientation of epitopes influences the immunogenicity of synthetic peptide dimers. Eur. J. Immunol 1988; 18: 2015–2019
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golvano J., Lasarte J. J., Sarobe P., Gullon A., Prieto J., Borras C. F. Polarity of immunogens: implications for vaccine design. Eur. J. Immunol 1990; 20: 2363–2366
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schodel F., Moriarty A. M., Peterson D. L., Zheng J. A., Hughes J. L., Will H., Leturcq D. J., McGee J. S., Milich D. R. The position of heterologous epitopes inserted in hepatitis B virus core particles determines their immunogenicity. J. Virol 1992; 66: 106–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levely M. E., Mitchell M. A., Nicholas J. A. Synthetic immunogens constructed from T-cell and B-cell stimulating peptides (T:B chimeras): preferential stimulation of unique T- and B-cell specificities is influenced by immunogen configuration. Cell. Immunol 1990; 125: 65–78
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milich D. R., Jones J. E., McLachlan A., Bitter G., Moriarty A., Hughes J. L. Importance of subtype in the immune response to the pre-S(2) region of the hepatitis B surface antigen. II. Synthetic pre-S(2) immunogen. J. Immunol 1990; 144: 3544–3551
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perkins D. L., Berriz G., Kamradt T., Smith J. A., Gefter M. L. Immunodominance: intramolecular competition between T cell epitopes. J. Immunol 1991; 146: 2137–2144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partidos C., Stanley C., Steward M. The influence of orientation and number of copies of T and B cell epitopes on the specificity and affinity of antibodies induced by chimeric peptides. Eur. J. Immunol 1992; 22: 2675–2680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berzofsky J. A. Mechanisms of T cell recognition with application to vaccine design. Mol. Immunol 1991; 28: 217–223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Srinivasan M., Domanico S. Z., Kaumaya P. T., Pierce S. K. Peptides of 23 residues or greater are required to stimulate a high affinity class II-restricted T cell response. Eur. J. Immunol 1993; 23: 1011–1016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celada F., Sercarz E. E. Preferential pairing of T-B specificities in the same antigen: the concept of directional help. Vaccine 1988; 6: 94–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimonkevitz R., Colon S., Kappler J. W., Marrack P., Grey H. M. Antigen recognition by H-2-restricted T cells. II. A tryptic ovalbumin peptide that substitutes for processed antigen. J. Immunol 1984; 133: 2067–2074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buus S., Colon S., Smith C., Freed J. H., Miles D., Grey H. M. Effect of conformational propensity of peptide antigens in their interaction with MHC class II molecules. Failure to document the importance of regular secondary structures. J. Immunol 1989; 143: 1268–1273
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sette A., Lamont A., Buus S., Colon S. M., Miles C., Grey H. M. Effect of conformational propensity of peptide antigens in their interaction with MHC class II molecules. Failure to document the importance of regular secondary structures. J. Immunol 1989; 143: 1268–1273
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowenadler B., Svennerholm A. M., Gidlund M., Holmgren E., Krook K., Svanholm C., Ulff S., Josephson S. Enhanced immunogenicity of recombinant peptide fusions containing multiple copies of a heterologous T helper epitope. Eur. J. Immunol 1990; 20: 1541–1545
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowenadler B., Lycke N., Svanholm C., Svennerholm A. M., Krook K., Gidlund M. T and B cell responses to chimeric proteins containing heterologous T helper epitopes inserted at different positions. Mol. Immunol 1992; 29: 1185–1190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buus S., Sette A., Colon S. M., Miles C., Grey H. M. The relation between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction and the capacity of la to bind immunogenic peptides. Science 1987; 235: 1353–1358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson H. W., Watts C. Epitope-directed processing of specific antigen by B lymphocytes. J. Cell. Biol 1989; 109: 85–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manca F., Fenoglio D., Li Pira G., Kunkl A., Celada F. Effect of antigen/antibody ratio on macrophage uptake, processing, and presentation to T cells of antigen complexed with polyclonal antibodies. J. Exp. Med 1991; 173: 37–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzavecchia A. Antigen presentation by B lymphocytes: a critical step in T-B collaboration. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol 1986; 130: 65–78
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ozaki S., Berzofsky J. A. Antibody conjugates mimic specific B cell presentation of antigen: relationship between T and B cell specificity. J. Immunol 1987; 138: 4133–4142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ametani A., Apple R., Bhardwaj V., Gammon G., Miller A., Sercarz E. Examining the crypticity of antigenic determinants. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol 1989; 1: 505–511
   Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj V., Kumar V., Geysen H. M., Sercarz E. E. Subjugation of dominant immunogenic determinants within a chimeric peptide. Eur. J. Immunol 1992; 22: 2009–2016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vacchio M. S., Berzofsky J. A., Krzych U., Smith J. A., Hodes R. J., Finnegan A. Sequences outside a minimal immunodominant site exert negative effects on recognition by staphylococcal nuclease-specific T-cell clones. J. Immunol 1989; 143: 2814–2819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimonkevitz R., Kappler J., Marrack P., Grey H. Antigen recognition by H-2-restricted T cells. I. Cell-free antigen processing. J. Exp. Med 1983; 158: 303–316
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demotz S., Grey H. M., Sette A. The minimal number of class II MHC-antigen complexes needed for T cell activation. Science 1990; 249: 1028–1030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evavold B. D., Allen P M. Separation of IL-4 production from Th cell proliferation by an altered T cell receptor ligand. Science 1991; 252: 1308–1310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding C. V., Unanue E. R. Quantitation of antigen-presenting cell MHC class II/peptide complexes necessary from T-cell stimulation. Nature 1990; 346: 574–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakiuchi T., Watanabe M., Hozumi N., Nariuchi H. Differential sensitivity of specific and nonspecific antigen-presentation by B cells to a protein synthesis inhibitor. J. Immunol 1990; 145: 1653–1658
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sette A., Sidney J., Albertson M., Miles C., Colon S. M., Pedrazzini T., Lamont A. G., Grey H. M. A novel approach to the generation of high affinity class II-binding peptides. J. Immunol 1990; 145: 1809–1813
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sercarz E. E., Lehmann P. V., Ametani A., Benichou G., Miller A., Moudgil K. Dominance and crypticity of T cell antigenic determinants. Annu. Rev. Immunol 1993; 11: 729–766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown J. H., Jardetzky T., Gorga J. C., Stern L. J., Urban R. G., Strominger J. L., Wiley D. C. Three-dimensional structure of the human class II histocompatibility antigen HLA-DR1. Nature 1993; 364: 33–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesnut R. W., Grey H. M. Antigen presentation by B cells and its significance in T-B interactions. Adv. Immunol 1986; 39: 51–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lanzavecchia A. Antigen-specific interaction between T and B cells. Nature 1985; 314: 537–539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs E. J., Matzinger P. B cells turn off virgin but not memory T cells. Science 1992; 258: 1156–1159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs E., Matzinger P. B cells drive diversification-but not directly. Immunol. Today 1993; 14: 153–153
   Google Scholar
• Mamula M. J., Janeway C. A. Do B cells drive the diversification of immune responses?. Immunol. Today 1993; 14: 151–152
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilsson B., Moks T., Jansson B., Abrahmsen L., Elmblad A., Holmgren E., Henrichson C., Jones T. A., Uhlen M. A synthetic IgG-binding domain based on Staphylococcal protein A. Prot. Engin 1987; 1: 107–113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowenadler B., Jansson B., Paleus S., Holgren E., Nilsson B., Moks T., Palm G., Josephson S., Philipson L., Uhlen M. A gene fusion system for generating antibodies against short peptides. Gene 1987; 58: 87–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar