New insights into the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy: do toll like receptor 9-B cell activation factor-IgA class switching recombination signaling axis induce IgA hyper-production?

References

• Julian BA, Novak J. IgA nephropathy: an update. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2004;13(2):171–179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robert JW, Bruce AJ. IgA nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2402–2414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestecky J, Raska M, Julian BA, et al. IgA nephropathy: molecular mechanisms of the disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 2013;8:217–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh A, Iwase H, Takatani T, et al. Tonsillar IgA1 as a possible source of hypoglycosylated IgA1 in the serum of IgA nephropathy patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(6):1108–1114
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ochi A, Moriyama T, Takei T, Uchida K, Nitta K. Comparison between steroid pulse therapy alone and in combination with tonsillectomy for IgA nephropathy. Int Urol Nephrol. 2013;45(2):469–476
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maeda I, Hayashi T, Sato KK, et al. Tonsillectomy has beneficial effects on remission and progression of IgA nephropathy independent of steroid therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(7):2806–2813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang H, Peng Y, Liu H, et al. Effect of tonsillar inactivate strain on tonsillar CD4+CD25+ cells and J chain production in patients with IgA nephropathy[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant (Chinese). 2007;3(16):215–221
   Google Scholar
• Xin G, Shi W, Xu LX, Su Y, Yan LJ, Li KS. Serum BAFF is elevated in patients with IgA nephropathy and associated with clinical and histopathological features. J Nephrol. 2013;26(4):683–690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janeway CA Jr, Medzhitov R. Medzhitov. Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:197–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda K, Kaisho T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21:335–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akira S, Takeda K, Kaisho T. Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat Immunol. 2001;2(8):675–680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieg AM, Yi AK, Matson S, et al. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation. Nature. 1995;374(6522):546–549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajiyama T, Suzuki Y, Kihara M, Suzuki H, Horikoshi S, Tomino Y. Different pathological roles of toll-like receptor 9 on mucosal B cells and dendritic cells in murine IgA nephropathy. Clin Dev Immunol. 2011;2011:819646 . doi: 10.1155/2011/819646
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giordani L, Quaranta MG, Marchesi A, et al. Increased frequency of immunoglobulin (Ig)A-secreting cells following Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 engagement in patients with Kawasaki disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2011;163(3):346–353
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu H, Peng Y, Liu F, Xiao W, Zhang Y, Li W. Expression of IgA class switching gene in tonsillar mononuclear cells in patients with IgA nephropathy. Inflamm Res. 2011;60(9):869–878
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sato D, Suzuki Y, Kano T, et al. Tonsillar TLR9 expression and efficacy of tonsillectomy with steroid pulse therapy in IgA nephropathy patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(3):1090–1097
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goto T, Bandoh N, Yoshizaki T, et al. Increase in B-cell-activation factor (BAFF) and IFN-gamma productions by tonsillar mononuclear cells stimulated with deoxycytidyl-deoxyguanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) in patients with IgA nephropathy. Clin Immunol. 2008;126(3):260–269
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneider P, MacKay F, Steiner V, et al. BAFF, a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor family, stimulates B cell growth. J Exp Med. 1999;189(11):1747–1756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batten M, Fletcher C, Ng LG, et al. TNF deficiency fails to protect BAFF transgenic mice against autoimmunity and reveals a predisposition to B cell lymphoma. J Immunol. 2004;172(2):812–822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson JS, Bixler SA, Qian F, et al. BAFF-R, a newly identified TNF receptor that specifically interacts with BAFF. Science. 2001;293(5537):2108–2111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litinskiy MB, Nardelli B, Hilbert DM, et al. DCs induce CD40-independent immunoglobulin class switching through BLyS and APRIL. Nat Immunol. 2002;3(9):822–829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy DD, Chiu S, Gao Y, Summers-deLuca LE, Gommerman JL. BAFF induces a hyper-IgA syndrome in the intestinal lamina propria concomitant with IgA deposition in the kidney independent of LIGHT. Cell Immunol. 2006;241(2):85–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy DD, Kujawa J, Wilson C, et al. Mice overexpressing BAFF develop a commensal flora-dependent, IgA-associated nephropathy. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(10):3991–4002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris RS, Sheehy AM, Craig HM, Malim MH, Neuberger MS. DNA deamination: not just a trigger for antibody diversification but also a mechanism for defense against retroviruses. Nat Immunol. 2003;4(7):641–643
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castigli E, Wilson SA, Scott S, et al. TACI and BAFF-R mediate isotype switching in B cells. J Exp Med. 2005;201(1):35–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavnezer J, Guikema JE, Schrader CE. Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination. Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:261–292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagarasan S, Honjo T. Intestinal IgA synthesis: regulation of front-line body defences. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003;3(1):63–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Bülow GU, van Deursen JM, Bram RJ. Regulation of the T-independent humoral response by TACI. Immunity. 2001;14(5):573–582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia XZ, Treanor J, Senaldi G, et al. TACI is a TRAF-interacting receptor for TALL-1, a tumor necrosis factor family member involved in B cell regulation. J Exp Med. 2000;192(1):137–143
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mackay F, Schneider P. TACI, an enigmatic BAFF/APRIL receptor, with new unappreciated biochemical and biological properties. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2008;19(3–4):263–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dedeoglu F, Horwitz B, Chaudhuri J, Alt FW, Geha RS. Induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase gene expression by IL-4 and CD40 ligation is dependent on STAT6 and NFkappaB. Int Immunol. 2004;16(3):395–404
   PubMedGoogle Scholar