Catheter-related atrial thrombus: tip of the iceberg?

References

• Anand S, Bitton A, Gaziano T. Chapter 12: International comparisons. USRDS 2012 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the Unit. U.S. Renal Data System; 2012
   Google Scholar
• Anand S, Bitton A, Gaziano T. The gap between estimated incidence of end-stage renal disease and use of therapy. PLoS One. 2013;8:e72860
   Google Scholar
• Lok CE, Foley R. Vascular access morbidity and mortality: Trends of the last decade. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:1213–1219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinical Practice Guidelines for Vascular Access. Vascular Access 2006 Work Group. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48:176–247
   Google Scholar
• Tordoir J, Canaud B, Haage P, et al. EBPG on vascular access. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:88–117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fluck R, Kumwenda M. Renal association clinical practice guideline on vascular access for hemodialysis. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;118:225–240
   Google Scholar
• Ethier J, Mendelssohn DC, Elder SJ, et al. Vascular access use and outcomes: An international perspective from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:3219–3226
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noordzij M, Jager KJ, van der Veer SN, et al. Use of vascular access for hemodialysis in Europe: A report from the ERA-EDTA Registry. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:1956–1964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisoni RL, Arrington CJ, Albert JM, et al. Facility hemodialysis vascular access use and mortality in countries participating in DOPPS: An instrumental variable analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:475–491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravani P, Palmer SC, Oliver MJ, et al. Associations between hemodialysis access type and clinical outcomes: A systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24:465–473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhingra RK, Young EW, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Leavey SF, Port FK. Type of vascular access and mortality in US hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2001;60:1443–1452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavroulopoulos A, Aresti V, Zounis C. Right atrial thrombi complicating hemodialysis catheters. A meta-analysis of reported cases and a proposal of a management algorithm. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:2936–12934
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification: A report from the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, Developed in Conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a Branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;18:1440–1463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haugland JM, Asinger RW, Mikell FL, Elsperger J, Hodges M. Embolic potential of left ventricular thrombi detected by two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation. 1984;70:588–598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro D, Benedetto F, Mondello P, et al. Vascular access for hemodialysis: Current perspectives. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2014;7:281–294
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kingdon EJ, Holt SG, Davar J, et al. Atrial thrombus and central venous dialysis catheters. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38:631–639
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghani MK, Boccalandro F, Denktas AE, Barasch E. Right atrial thrombus formation associated with central venous catheters utilization in hemodialysis patients. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29:1829–1832
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kung SC, Aravind B, Morse S, Jacobs L, Raja R. Tunneled catheter—Associated atrial thrombi: Successful treatment with chronic anticoagulation. Hemodial Int. 2001;5:32–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vassalotti JA, Jennings WC, Beathard GA, et al; Fistula First Breakthrough Initiative Community Education Committee. Fistula first breakthrough initiative: Targeting catheter last in fistula first. Semin Dial. 2012;25:303–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz J, Menke J, Sollinger D, Schinzel H, Thürmel K. Hemostasis in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:29–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs S, Pollak A, Gilon D. Central venous catheter mechanical irritation of the right atrial free wall: A cause for thrombus formation. Cardiology. 1999;91:169–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilon D, Schechter D, Rein AJ, et al. Right atrial thrombi are related to indwelling central venous catheter position: Insights into time course and possible mechanism of formation. Am Heart J. 1998;135:457–462
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knoll GA, Wells PS, Young D, et al. Thrombophilia and the risk for hemodialysis vascular access thrombosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1108–1114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmela B, Hartman J, Peltonen S, Albäck A, Lassila R. Thrombophilia and arteriovenous fistula survival in ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:962–968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baglin T, Gray E, Greaves M, et al; British Committee for Standards in Hematology. Clinical guidelines for testing for heritable thrombophilia. Br J Hematol. 2010;149:209–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah A, Murray M, Nzerue C. Right atrial thrombi complicating use of central venous catheters in hemodialysis. J Vasc Access. 2005;6:18–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peters PJ, Reinhardt S. The echocardiographic evaluation of intracardiac masses: A review. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19:230–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egolum UO, Stover DG, Anthony R, Wasserman AM, Lenihan D, Damp JB. Intracardiac thrombus: Diagnosis, complications and management. Am J Med Sci. 2013;345:391–395
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheiban I, Casarotto D, Trevi G, et al. Two-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of intracardiac masses: A prospective study with anatomic validation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1987;10:157–161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang AY, Ivany JN, Perkovic V, Gallagher MP, Jardine MJ. Anticoagulant therapies for the prevention of intravascular catheters malfunction in patients undergoing hemodialysis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:2875–2888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott MJ, Zimmerman D, Holden RM. Warfarin anticoagulation in hemodialysis patients: A systematic review of bleeding rates. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50:433–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krüger T, Brandenburg V, Schlieper G, Marx N, Floege J. Sailing between Scylla and Charybdis: Oral long-term anticoagulation in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:534–541
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polkinghorne K; Caring for Australians with Renal Impairment (CARI). The CARI guidelines. Pharmacological approaches to preventing vascular access failure. Nephrology. 2008;13:12–16
   Google Scholar
• Donca IZ, Wish JB. Systemic barriers to optimal hemodialysis access. Semin Nephrol. 2012;32:519–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perl J, Wald R, McFarlane P, et al. Hemodialysis vascular access modifies the association between dialysis modality and survival. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:1113–1121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar