Undiagnosed hypertension in a rural community in Sudan and association with some features of the metabolic syndrome: how serious is the situation?

References

• World Health Organization. Global Health Risks. Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks. Geneva: WHO; 2009
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. A Global Brief on Hypertension: Silent Killer, Global Public Health Crisis. World Health Day 2013. Report, 1–39. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013
   Google Scholar
• Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men. JAMA. 2002;287:1003–1010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1513–1518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2224–2260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twagirumukiza M, De Bacquer D, Kips JG, de Backer G, Stichele RV, Van Bortel LM. Current and projected prevalence of arterial hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa by sex, age and habitat: An estimate from population studies. J Hypertens. 2011;29:1243–1252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ataklte F, Erqou S, Kaptoge S, Taye B, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Kengne AP. Burden of undiagnosed hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2015;65(2):291–298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherif SM, Ahmed M-Elbaghir K, Homieda MM. Prevalence of hypertension in an urban community in Sudan. Khartoum Med J. 2008;01(02):72–74
   Google Scholar
• Osman el FM, Suleiman I, Alzubair AG. Clinico-epidemiological features of hypertensive subjects in Kassala town, eastern Sudan. J Family Community Med. 2007;14(2):77–80
   Google Scholar
• Abdelsatir S, Al-Sofi A, Elamin S, Abu-Aisha H. The potential role of nursing students in the implementation of community-based hypertension screening programs in Sudan. Arab J Nephrol Transplant. 2013;6(1):51–54
   Google Scholar
• Whelton PK. Epidemiology of hypertension. Lancet. 1994; 344(8915):101–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, Prolonged differences in blood pressure: Prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet. 1990;335(8692):765–774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton PK, Perneger TV, Klag MJ, Brancati FL. Epidemiology and prevention of blood pressure-related renal disease. J Hypertens Suppl. 1992;10(7):S77–S84
   Google Scholar
• WHO. The WHO STEP Wise Approach Surveillance of risk Factors for Non-communicable Diseases 2011. Geneva: WHO Press
   Google Scholar
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report. Obes Res. 1998;6(Suppl):51S–210S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classifications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(Suppl 1):S5–S20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560–2572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: Awareness and treatment of uncontrolled hypertension among adults—United States, 2003–2010. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(35):703–709
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noor SK, Bushara SO, Sulaiman AA, Elmadhoun WM. A preliminary survey of undiagnosed hypertension among Nubians and Coptics in Atbara and Eldamer cities, does ethnicity affect prevalence? Arab J Nephrol Transplant. 2013;6(3):193–196
   Google Scholar
• Joshi SR, Saboo B, Vadivale M, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes and hypertension in India – Results from the Screening India's Twin Epidemic (SITE) study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14(1):8–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu S, Millett C. Social epidemiology of hypertension in middle-income countries: Determinants of prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and control in the WHO SAGE study. Hypertension. 2013;62:18–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arslantas D, Ayranci U, UnsalA, Tozun M. Prevalence of hypertension among individuals aged 50 years and over and its impact on health related quality of life in a semi-rural area of western Turkey. Chin Med J (Engl). 2008;121(16):1524–1531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamadah F, Askanani LM, Al-Ajmi SS, Makboul GM. Prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension among apparently healthy subjects in Kuwait. Bull Alex Fac Med. 2009;45(3):619–625
   Google Scholar
• Azimi-Nezhad M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Esmaeili HA, et al. Newly detected hypertension in an Iranian population: An epidemiological study. Asian Biomed. 2009;3(6):653–662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szuba A, Martynowicz H, Zatońska K, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in a sample of Polish population – Baseline assessment from the prospective cohort ‘PONS’ study. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2011;18(2):260–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tee SR, Teoh XY, Wan Mohd Aiman WAR, et al. The prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in two rural communities in Penang, Malaysia. IeJSME. 2010;2:27–40
   Google Scholar
• Abu-Aisha H, Elhassan EA, Khamis AH, Abu-Elmaali A. Hypertension and obesity in police forces households in Khartoum, Sudan: A pilot report – Part of the “police forces hypertension, diabetes, renal insufficiency and thyroid derangement (HyDRIT) study”“Sudan. Sudan J Public Health. 2008;3(1):17–25
   Google Scholar
• Balogun WO, Salako BL. Co-occurrence of diabetes and hypertension: Pattern and factors associated with order of diagnosis among Nigerians. Ann Ib Postgrad Med. 2011;9(2):89–93
   Google Scholar
• Cheung BM. The hypertension–diabetes continuum. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2010;55:333–339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Cheung BM. Diabetes and hypertension: Is there a common metabolic pathway? Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2012;14(2):160–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar