Methimazole Interferes with the Progression of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis in Rats

References

• Fabris N, Mocchegiani E, Provinciali M. Pituitary‐thyriod axis and immune system: a reciprocal neuroendocrine‐immune interaction. Horm Res 1995; 43: 29–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahlqvist J. Endrocrine influences on lymphatic organs, immune response, inflammation autoimmunity. Acta. Endocrinol 1976; 206: 64–70
   Google Scholar
• Fabris N. Immunodepression in thyroid‐deprived animals. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1973; 15: 601–609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Nakamura H, DeGroot L J. Effect of hypo‐and hyperthyroidism on the balance between helper and suppressor T cells in rats. Acta. Endocrino 1983; 103: 528–535
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chatterjee S, Chandel A S. Immunomodulatory role of thyroid hormone: in vivo effect of thyroid hormones on the bastogenic response to lymphoid tissues. Acta. Endocrinol 1983; 103: 95–100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sridama V, Pacini F, De Groot L J. Decreased suppressor T‐lymphocytes in autoimmune thyroid disease detected by monoclonal antibodies. J. Clin. Endocrino. Metab 1982; 54: 316–321
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fabris N, Mocchegiani E. Endocrine control of thymic serum factor production in young‐adult and old mice. Cell. Immunol 1985; 91: 325–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchant B, Lees J F H, Alexander W D. Antithyroid drugs. Pharmacol. Ther 1978; 3: 304–348
   Google Scholar
• Ratanachaiyavog S, McGregor A M. Immunosuppressive effects of antithyroid drugs. Clin. Endocrino. Metab 1985; 14: 449–466
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Totterman T H, Karlsson F A, Bengtsson M, Mendel‐Hartvig I. Induction of circulating activated suppressor‐like T cells by methimazole therapy for Graves' disease. N. Engl. J. Med 1987; 316: 15–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor A M, Peterson M M, McLachlan S M, Rooke P, Smith B R, Hall R. Carbimazole and the autoimmune response in Graves' disease. N. Engl. J. Med 1980; 303: 302–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson R, McKillop J H, Chopra M, Thomson J A. The effect of antithyroid drugs on B and T cell activity in vitro. Clin. Endocrinol 1988; 28: 389–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss I, Davies T F. Inhibition of immunoglo‐bulin‐secreting cells by antithyroid drugs. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1981; 53: 1223–1228
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weetman A P, Holt M E, Campbell A K, Hall R, McGregor A M. Methimazole and generation of oxygen radicals by monocytes: potential role in immunosuppression. Brit. Med. J 1984; 288: 518–520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oren R, Shirin H, Dotan I, Aeed H, Zaidel L, Matas Z, Halpern Z. Hypothyroidism inhibits experimentally‐induced acute T cell dependent hepatic damage in mice ‘Abstract’. J. Hepatol 1995; 23: 213
   Google Scholar
• Oren R, Dotan I, Papa M, Marravi Y, Aeed H, Barg J, Zeidel L, Brack R, Halpern Z. Inhibition of experimentally induced cirrhosis in rats by hypothyroidism. Hepatology 1996; 24: 419–423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neu N, Rose N R, Beisel K W, Herskowitz A, Gurri‐Glass G, Craig S W. Cardiac myosin induced myocarditis in genetically predisposed mice. J. Immunol 1987; 139: 3630–3636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodama M, Matsumoto Y, Fujiwara M, Masani R, Izumi T, Shibata A. A novel experimental model of giant cell myocarditis induced in rats by immunization with cardiac myosin fraction. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol 1990; 57: 250–262
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kodama M, Izumi T. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Acta. Medica. Et. Biologica 1991; 39: 1–10
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin J F. Mechanisms in cardiomyopathies. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol 1985; 17: 5–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kodama M, Hanawa H, Saeki M, Hosono H, Inomata T, Suzuki K, Shibata A. Rat dilated cardiomyopathy after autoimmune giant cell myocarditis. Circ. Res 1994; 75: 278–284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsui S, Michael L XFu. Myocardial injury due to G‐protein‐coupled receptor‐autoimmunity. Jpn. Heart. J 1998; 39: 261–274
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magnusson Y, Wallukat G, Waagstein F, Hjalmarson A, Hoebeka J. Autoimmunity in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: characterization of antibodies against the (31 ‐adrenoceptor with positive chronotropic effect. Circulation 1994; 89: 2760–2767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodama M, Zhang S S, Hanawa H, Saeki M, Inomata T, Suzuki K, Koyama S, Shibata A. Effects of 15‐deoxyspergualin on experimental autoimmune giant cell myocarditis of the rat. Circulation 1995; 91: 1116–1122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rohrer D, Dillmann W H. Thyroid hormone markedly increase the mRNA coding for sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase in the rat heart. J. Biol. Chem 1988; 263: 6941–6944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okura Y, Takeda K, Honda S, Hanawa H, Watanabe H, Kodama M, Izumi T, Aizawa Y, Seki S, Abo T. Recombinant nurine interleukin‐12 facilitates induction of cardiac myosin‐specific Type 1 helper T cells in rats. Circ. Res 1998; 82: 1035–1042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith S C, Allen P M. Myosin‐induced acute myocarditis is a T cell‐mediated disease. J. Immunol 1991; 147: 2141–2147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neu N, Ploier B, Ofner C. Cardiac myosin‐induced myocarditis. Heart autoantibodies are not involved in the induction of the disease. J. Immunol 1990; 145: 4094–4100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodama M, Matsumoto Y, Fujiwara M. In vivo lymphocyte‐mediated myocardial injuries demonstrated by adoptive transfer of experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Circulation 1992; 85: 1918–1926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose N R. Pathogenic mechanism in autoimmune disease. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol 1989; 53: S7–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Austyn J M, Wood K J. Principle of cellular and molecular immunology. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1993
   Google Scholar
• Karlssom F A, Totterman T H. Immunomodula‐tion by methimazole therapy in Graves' disease: rapid changes in activation stage of circulating regulatory T cell subsets. B cells and NK cell. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1988; 74: 258–263
   Google Scholar
• Dillmann W H. Biochemical basis of thyroid hormone action in the heart. Am. J. Med 1990; 88: 626–630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein I. Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. Am. J. Med 1990; 88: 631–637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moruzzi P, Doria E, Agostone P G. Medium‐term effectiveness of L‐thyroxine treatment in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Med 1996; 101: 461–67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gomberg‐Maitland M, Frishman W H. Thyroid hormone and cardiovascular disease. Am. Heart. J 1998; 135: 187–196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morkin E, Flink I L, Goldman S. Biochemical and physiological effects of thyroid hormone on cardiac performance. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis 1983; 25: 435–464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polikar R, Burger A G, Scherrer U. The thyroid and the heart. Circulation 1993; 87: 1435–1441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemperer J D, Ojamaa K, Klein I. Thyroid hormone therapy in cardiovascular disease. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis 1996; 38: 329–336
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Utiger R D. Decreased extrathyroidal triiodothyronine production in nonthyroidal illness: benefit or harm?. Am. J. Med 1980; 69: 807–810
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Talwar K K, Goswami K C, Chopra P, Dev V, Shrivastava S, Malhotra A. Immunosuppressive therapy in inflammatory myocarditis: long‐term follow‐up. Int. J. Cardiol 1992; 34: 157–166
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan K Y, Iwahara M, Benson L N, Wilson G J, Freedom R M. Immunosuppressive therapy in the management of acute myocarditis in children: a clinical trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol 1991; 17: 458–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones S R, Herskowitz A, Hutchins G M, Baughman K L. Effects of immunosuppressive therapy in biopsy‐proved myocarditis and borderline myocarditis on left ventricular function. Am. J. Cardiol 1991; 68: 370–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosenpud J D, McAnulty J H, Niles N R. Lack of objective improvement in ventricular systolic function in patients with myocarditis treated with azathioprine and prednisone. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol 1985; 6: 797–801
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kishimoto C, Thorp K A, Abelmann W H. Immunosuppression with high doses of cyclophosphamide reduces the severity of myocarditis but increases the mortality in murine Coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis. Circulation 1990; 82: 982–989
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kishimoto C, Abelmann W H. Absence of effects of cyclosporine on myocardial lymphocyte subsets in Coxackievirus B3 myocarditis in the aviremic stage. Circ. Res 1989; 65: 934–945
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okura Y, Yamamoto T, Goto S, Inomata T, Hirono S, Hanawa H, Feng L, Wilson C B, Kihara I, Izumi T, Shibata A, Aizawa Y, Seki S, Abo T. Characterization of cytokine and iNOS mRNA expression in situ during the course of experimental autoimmune myocarditis in rats. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol 1997; 29: 491–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama Y, Kishimoto C, Shioji K, Sasayama S. Significance of pericardial cytokines in giant cell myocarditis in rats–pathological comparison to viral myocarditis in mice. Jpn. Circ. J 2000; 64: 977–981
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Satoh M, Nakamura M, Satoh H, Saitoh H, Segawa I, Hiramori K. Expression of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha‐converting enzyme and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha in human myocarditis. J Am. Coll. Cardiol 2000; 36: 1288–1294
   PubMedGoogle Scholar