Effector and regulatory roles For B cells in HIV infection?

References

• Giorgi JV, Liu Z, Hultin LE, Cumberland WG, Hennessey K, Detels R. Elevated levels of CD38+ CD8+T cells in HIV infection add to the prognostic value of low CD4+T cell levels: results of 6 years of follow-up. The Los Angeles Center, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993; 6:904–912.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deeks SG. Immune dysfunction, inflammation, and accelerated aging in patients on antiretroviral therapy. Top HIV Med. 2009; 17:118–123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, . Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med. 2008; 5:e203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang JJ, Altfeld M. TLR-mediated immune activation in HIV. Blood. 2009; 113:269–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baenziger S, Heikenwalder M, Johansen P, . Triggering TLR7 in mice induces immune activation and lymphoid system disruption, resembling HIV-mediated pathology. Blood. 2009; 113:377–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beignon AS, McKenna K, Skoberne M, . Endocytosis of HIV-1 activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor-viral RNA interactions. J Clin Invest. 2005; 115:3265–3275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, . Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat Med. 2006; 12:1365–1371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang W, Lederman MM, Hunt P, . Plasma levels of bacterial DNA correlate with immune activation and the magnitude of immune restoration in persons with antiretroviral-treated HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2009; 199:1177–1185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moir S, Fauci AS. B cells in HIV infection and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009; 9:235–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehrl JH, Rieckmann P, Kozlow E, Fauci AS. Lymphokine production by B cells from normal and HIV-infected individuals. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1992; 651:220–227.
   Google Scholar
• Bernasconi NL, Onai N, Lanzavecchia A. A role for Toll-like receptors in acquired immunity: up-regulation of TLR9 by BCR triggering in naive B cells and constitutive expression in memory B cells. Blood. 2003; 101:4500–4504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernasconi NL, Traggiai E, Lanzavecchia A. Maintenance of serological memory by polyclonal activation of human memory B cells. Science. 2002; 298:2199–2202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richez C, Blanco P, Rifkin I, Moreau JF, Schaeverbeke T. Role for toll-like receptors in autoimmune disease: the example of systemic lupus erythematosus. Joint Bone Spine78:124–130.
   Google Scholar
• Levesque MC, St Clair EW. B cell-directed therapies for autoimmune disease and correlates of disease response and relapse. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 121:13–21 quiz 22–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend MJ, Monroe JG, Chan AC. B-cell targeted therapies in human autoimmune diseases: an updated perspective. Immunol Rev237:264–283.
   Google Scholar
• Bouaziz JD, Yanaba K, Venturi GM, . Therapeutic B cell depletion impairs adaptive and autoreactive CD4+T cell activation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007; 104:20878–20883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titanji K, Velu V, Chennareddi L, . Acute depletion of activated memory B cells involves the PD-1 pathway in rapidly progressing SIV-infected macaques. J Clin Invest120:3878–3890.
   Google Scholar
• Imbeault M, Ouellet M, Giguere K, . Acquisition of host-derived CD40L by HIV-1 in vivo and its functional consequences in the B-cell compartment. J Virol85:2189–2200.
   Google Scholar
• Malaspina A, Moir S, Kottilil S, . Deleterious effect of HIV-1 plasma viremia on B cell costimulatory function. J Immunol. 2003; 170:5965–5972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moir S, Malaspina A, Li Y, . B cells of HIV-1-infected patients bind virions through CD21-complement interactions and transmit infectious virus to activated T cells. J Exp Med. 2000; 192:637–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakubik JJ, Saifuddin M, Takefman DM, Spear GT. B lymphocytes in lymph nodes and peripheral blood are important for binding immune complexes containing HIV-1. Immunology. 1999; 96:612–619.
   Google Scholar
• Krzysiek R, Lefevre EA, Legendre C, . B cell-driven HIV type 1 expression in T cells: an essential role of CD86 costimulatory molecule. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1998; 14:989–997.
   Google Scholar
• Brenchley JM, Schacker TW, Ruff LE, . CD4+T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med. 2004; 200:749–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veazey RS, DeMaria M, Chalifoux LV, . Gastrointestinal tract as a major site of CD4+T cell depletion and viral replication in SIV infection. Science. 1998; 280:427–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattapallil JJ, Douek DC, Hill B, Nishimura Y, Martin M, Roederer M. Massive infection and loss of memory CD4+T cells in multiple tissues during acute SIV infection. Nature. 2005; 434:1093–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Duan L, Estes JD, . Peak SIV replication in resting memory CD4+T cells depletes gut lamina propria CD4+T cells. Nature. 2005; 434:1148–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estaquier J, Tanaka M, Suda T, Nagata S, Golstein P, Ameisen JC. Fas-mediated apoptosis of CD4+ and CD8+T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: differential in vitro preventive effect of cytokines and protease antagonists. Blood. 1996; 87:4959–4966.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samuelsson A, Sonnerborg A, Heuts N, Coster J, Chiodi F. Progressive B cell apoptosis and expression of Fas ligand during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1997; 13:1031–1038.
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki Y, Ami Y, Nakasone T, . Induction of CD95 ligand expression on T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes and its contribution to apoptosis of CD95-up-regulated CD4+T lymphocytes in macaques by infection with a pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Exp Immunol. 2000; 122:381–389.
   Google Scholar
• Tanner JE, Alfieri C. Epstein-Barr virus induces Fas (CD95) in T cells and Fas ligand in B cells leading to T-cell apoptosis. Blood. 1999; 94:3439–3447.
   Google Scholar
• Wherry EJ, Ahmed R. Memory CD8 T-cell differentiation during viral infection. J Virol. 2004; 78:5535–5545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal M, Kawamura KS, Wherry EJ, Ahmed R, Lee KD. Cytosolic delivery of viral nucleoprotein by listeriolysin O-liposome induces enhanced specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and protective immunity. Mol Pharm. 2004; 1:2–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day CL, Kaufmann DE, Kiepiela P, . PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression. Nature. 2006; 443:350–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trautmann L, Janbazian L, Chomont N, . Upregulation of PD-1 expression on HIV-specific CD8+T cells leads to reversible immune dysfunction. Nat Med. 2006; 12:1198–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trautmann L, Said EA, Halwani R, . Programmed death 1: a critical regulator of T-cell function and a strong target for immunotherapies for chronic viral infections. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2007; 2:219–227.
   Google Scholar
• von Bergwelt-Baildon MS, Vonderheide RH, Maecker B, . Human primary and memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses are efficiently induced by means of CD40-activated B cells as antigen-presenting cells: potential for clinical application. Blood. 2002; 99:3319–3325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo E, Topp MS, Kiem HP, . Efficient generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells using retrovirally transduced CD40-activated B cells. J Immunol. 2002; 169:2164–2171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapointe R, Bellemare-Pelletier A, Housseau F, Thibodeau J, Hwu P. CD40-stimulated B lymphocytes pulsed with tumor antigens are effective antigen-presenting cells that can generate specific T cells. Cancer Res. 2003; 63:2836–2843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier A, Bagchi A, Sidhu HK, . Upregulation of PD-L1 on monocytes and dendritic cells by HIV-1 derived TLR ligands. AIDS. 2008; 22:655–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porichis F, Kaufmann DE. Role of PD-1 in HIV Pathogenesis and as Target for Therapy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep.
   Google Scholar
• Boulware DR, Hullsiek KH, Puronen CE, . Higher levels of CRP, D-dimer, IL-6, and hyaluronic acid before initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) are associated with increased risk of AIDS or death. J Infect Dis203:1637–1646.
   Google Scholar
• Kedzierska K, Crowe SM. Cytokines and HIV-1: interactions and clinical implications. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2001; 12:133–150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nixon DE, Landay AL. Biomarkers of immune dysfunction in HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS;5:498–503.
   Google Scholar
• Stockmann M, Schmitz H, Fromm M, . Mechanisms of epithelial barrier impairment in HIV infection. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2000; 915:293–303.
   Google Scholar
• Mashukova A, Wald FA, Salas PJ. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and inflammation disrupt the polarity complex in intestinal epithelial cells by a posttranslational mechanism. Mol Cell Biol31:756–765.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz H, Fromm M, Bentzel CJ, . Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) regulates the epithelial barrier in the human intestinal cell line HT-29/B6. J Cell Sci. 1999; 112:137–146 (Pt 1).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazli A, Chan O, Dobson-Belaire WN, . Exposure to HIV-1 directly impairs mucosal epithelial barrier integrity allowing microbial translocation. PLoS Pathog6:e1000852.
   Google Scholar
• Kfutwah AK, Mary JY, Nicola MA, . Tumour necrosis factor-alpha stimulates HIV-1 replication in single-cycle infection of human term placental villi fragments in a time, viral dose and envelope dependent manner. Retrovirology. 2006; 3:36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellors JW, Griffith BP, Ortiz MA, Landry ML, Ryan JL. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha/cachectin enhances human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in primary macrophages. J Infect Dis. 1991; 163:78–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraguchi A, Hirano T, Tang B, . The essential role of B cell stimulatory factor 2 (BSF-2/IL-6) for the terminal differentiation of B cells. J Exp Med. 1988; 167:332–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moir S, Ho J, Malaspina A, . Evidence for HIV-associated B cell exhaustion in a dysfunctional memory B cell compartment in HIV-infected viremic individuals. J Exp Med. 2008; 205:1797–1805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moir S, Buckner CM, Ho J, . B cells in early and chronic HIV infection: evidence for preservation of immune function associated with early initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Blood116:5571–5579.
   Google Scholar
• Sachs L, Lotem J, Shabo Y. The molecular regulators of macrophage and granulocyte development. Role of MGI-2/IL-6. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1989; 557:417–435 discussion 435–17.
   Google Scholar
• Terabe F, Fujimoto M, Serada S, . Comparative analysis of the effects of anti-IL-6 receptor mAb and anti-TNF mAb treatment on CD4+T-cell responses in murine colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis17:491–502.
   Google Scholar
• Serada S, Fujimoto M, Mihara M, . IL-6 blockade inhibits the induction of myelin antigen-specific Th17 cells and Th1 cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008; 105:9041–9046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toossi Z, Hirsch CS, Wu M, Mayanja-Kizza H, Baseke J, Thiel B. Distinct cytokine and regulatory T cell profile at pleural sites of dual HIV/tuberculosis infection compared to that in the systemic circulation. Clin Exp Immunol163:333–338.
   Google Scholar
• Piconi S, Parisotto S, Rizzardini G, . Hydroxychloroquine drastically reduces immune activation in HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy-treated immunologic nonresponders. Blood118:3263–3272.
   Google Scholar
• Zlotnik A, Morales J, Hedrick JA. Recent advances in chemokines and chemokine receptors. Crit Rev Immunol. 1999; 19:1–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocchi F, DeVico AL, Garzino-Demo A, Arya SK, Gallo RC, Lusso P. Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+T cells. Science. 1995; 270:1811–1815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal R, Garzino-Demo A, Markham PD, . Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by the beta-chemokine MDC. Science. 1997; 278:695–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocchi F, DeVico AL, Yarchoan R, . Higher macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta levels from CD8+T cells are associated with asymptomatic HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000; 97:13812–13817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzino-Demo A, Moss RB, Margolick JB, . Spontaneous and antigen-induced production of HIV-inhibitory beta-chemokines are associated with AIDS-free status. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999; 96:11986–11991.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdelwahab SF, Cocchi F, Bagley KC, . HIV-1-suppressive factors are secreted by CD4+T cells during primary immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100:1500–1510.
   Google Scholar
• Agrawal S, Gupta S. TLR1/2, TLR7, and TLR9 signals directly activate human peripheral blood naive and memory B cell subsets to produce cytokines, chemokines, and hematopoietic growth factors. J Clin Immunol31:89–98.
   Google Scholar
• Fillatreau S, Gray D, Anderton SM. Not always the bad guys: B cells as regulators of autoimmune pathology. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008; 8:391–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillatreau S, Sweenie CH, McGeachy MJ, Gray D, Anderton SM. B cells regulate autoimmunity by provision of IL-10. Nat Immunol. 2002; 3:944–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwata Y, Matsushita T, Horikawa M, . Characterization of a rare IL-10-competent B-cell subset in humans that parallels mouse regulatory B10 cells. Blood117:530–541.
   Google Scholar
• Bouaziz JD, Calbo S, Maho-Vaillant M, . IL-10 produced by activated human B cells regulates CD4(+) T-cell activation in vitro. Eur J Immunol40:2686–2691.
   Google Scholar
• Blair PA, Norena LY, Flores-Borja F, . CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cells exhibit regulatory capacity in healthy individuals but are functionally impaired in systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients. Immunity32:129–140.
   Google Scholar
• Carter NA, Vasconcellos R, Rosser EC, . Mice lacking endogenous IL-10-producing regulatory B cells develop exacerbated disease and present with an increased frequency of Th1/Th17 but a decrease in regulatory T cells. J Immunol186:5569–5579.
   Google Scholar
• Mauri C, Ehrenstein MR. The ‘short’ history of regulatory B cells. Trends Immunol. 2008; 29:34–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanwar B, Favre D, McCune JM. Th17 and regulatory T cells: implications for AIDS pathogenesis. Curr Opin HIV AIDS5:151–157.
   Google Scholar
• Ouyang W, Rutz S, Crellin NK, Valdez PA, Hymowitz SG. Regulation and functions of the IL-10 family of cytokines in inflammation and disease. Annu Rev Immunol29:71–109.
   Google Scholar
• O'Garra A, Stapleton G, Dhar V, . Production of cytokines by mouse B cells: B lymphomas and normal B cells produce interleukin 10. Int Immunol. 1990; 2:821–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar