Cytokine networks in Pemphigus vulgaris: An integrated viewpoint

References

• D'Auria L, Bonifati C, Mussi A, D'Agosto G, De Simone C, Giacalone B, Ferraro C, Ameglio F. Cytokines in the sera of patients with pemphigus vulgaris: interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels are significantly increased as compared to healthy subjects and correlate with disease activity. Eur Cytokine Netw. 1997; 8:383–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langan SM, Smeeth L, Hubbard R, Fleming KM, Smith CJ, West J. Bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris–incidence and mortality in the UK: population based cohort study. Br Med J. 2008; 337:a180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitajima Y, Aoyama Y. A perspective of pemphigus from bedside and laboratory-bench. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007; 33:57–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzo C, Fotino M, Zhang Y, Chow S, Spizuoco A, Sinha AA. Direct characterization of human T cells in pemphigus vulgaris reveals elevated autoantigen-specific Th2 activity in association with active disease. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005; 30:535–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama T, Amagai M. Immune dysregulation of pemphigus in humans and mice. J Dermatol.. 2010; 37:205–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amagai M, Klaus-Kovtun V, Stanley JR. Autoantibodies against a novel epithelial cadherin in pemphigus vulgaris, a disease of cell adhesion. Cell. 1991; 67:869–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertl M. Humoral and cellular autoimmunity in autoimmune bullous skin disorders. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2000; 122:91–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney MG, Wang Z, Rothenberger K, Koch PJ, Amagai M, Stanley JR. Explanations for the clinical and microscopic localization of lesions in pemphigus foliaceus and vulgaris. J Clin Invest. 1999; 103:461–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig RJ, Schmidt E. Cytokines in autoimmune bullous skin diseases. Epiphenomena or contribution to pathogenesis? G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2009; 144:339–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Shimizu N, Nishikawa T. Absorption of pathogenic autoantibodies by the extracellular domain of pemphigus vulgaris antigen (Dsg3) produced by baculovirus. J Clin Invest. 1994; 94:59–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anhalt GJ, Labib RS, Voorhees JJ, Beals TF, Diaz LA. Induction of pemphigus in neonatal mice by passive transfer of IgG from patients with the disease. N Engl J Med. 1982; 306:1189–1196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amagai M, Karpati S, Prussick R, Klaus-Kovtun V, Stanley JR. Autoantibodies against the amino-terminal cadherin-like binding domain of pemphigus vulgaris antigen are pathogenic. J Clin Invest. 1992; 90:919–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan R, Popowych Y, Dagenais C, Arsic N, Mutwiri GK, Potter AA, Babiuk LA, Griebel PJ, Wilson HL. Interferon-gamma and B-cell Activating Factor (BAFF) promote bovine B cell activation independent of TLR9 and T-cell signaling. Veter immunol immunopathol. 2012; 145:453–463 [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay F, Schneider P. Cracking the BAFF code. Nature Rev Immunol. 2009; 9:491–502 [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satyam A, Khandpur S, Sharma VK, Sharma A. Involvement of T(H)1/T(H)2 cytokines in the pathogenesis of autoimmune skin disease-Pemphigus vulgaris. Immunol Invest. 2009; 38:498–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amagai M, Tsunoda K, Suzuki H, Nishifuji K, Koyasu S, Nishikawa T. Use of autoantigen-knockout mice in developing an active autoimmune disease model for pemphigus. J Clin Invest. 2000; 105:625–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki-Ota M, Tsunoda K, Ota T, Iwasaki T, Koyasu S, Amagai M, Nishikawa T. A mouse model of pemphigus vulgaris by adoptive transfer of naive splenocytes from desmoglein 3 knockout mice. Br J Dermatol. 2004; 151:346–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishifuji K, Amagai M, Kuwana M, Iwasaki T, Nishikawa T. Detection of antigen-specific B cells in patients with pemphigus vulgaris by enzyme-linked immunospot assay: requirement of T cell collaboration for autoantibody production. J Invest Dermatol. 2000; 114:88–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi H, Amagai M, Nishikawa T, Fujii Y, Kawakami Y, Kuwana M. Novel system evaluating in vivo pathogenicity of desmoglein 3-reactive T cell clones using murine pemphigus vulgaris. J Immunol. 2008; 181:1526–1535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharf SJ, Friedmann A, Brautbar C, Szafer F, Steinman L, Horn G, Gyllensten U, Erlich HA. HLA class II allelic variation and susceptibility to pemphigus vulgaris. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988; 85:3504–3508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha AA, Brautbar C, Szafer F, Friedmann A, Tzfoni E, Todd JA, Steinman L, McDevitt HO. A newly characterized HLA DQ beta allele associated with pemphigus vulgaris. Science. 1988; 239:1026–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd JA, Acha-Orbea H, Bell JI, Chao N, Fronek Z, Jacob CO, McDermott M, Sinha AA, Timmerman L, Steinman L, . A molecular basis for MHC class II—associated autoimmunity. Science. 1988; 240:1003–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldman C, Stauber A, Wassmuth R, Uter W, Schuler G, Hertl M. Dichotomy of autoreactive Th1 and Th2 cell responses to desmoglein 3 in patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and healthy carriers of PV-associated HLA class II alleles. J Immunol. 2003; 170:635–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertl M, Amagai M, Sundaram H, Stanley J, Ishii K, Katz SI. Recognition of desmoglein 3 by autoreactive T cells in pemphigus vulgaris patients and normals. J Invest Dermatol. 1998; 110:62–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kricheli D, David M, Frusic-Zlotkin M, Goldsmith D, Rabinov M, Sulkes J, Milner Y. The distribution of pemphigus vulgaris-IgG subclasses and their reactivity with desmoglein 3 and 1 in pemphigus patients and their first-degree relatives. Br J Dermatol. 2000; 143:337–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhol K, Natarajan K, Nagarwalla N, Mohimen A, Aoki V, Ahmed AR. Correlation of peptide specificity and IgG subclass with pathogenic and nonpathogenic autoantibodies in pemphigus vulgaris: a model for autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995; 92:5239–5243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez C, Amagai M, Chan LS. Pemphigus foliaceus: preferential binding of IgG1 and C3 at the upper epidermis. Br J Dermatol. 1997; 136:249–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremeau-Martinage C, Oksman F, Bazex J. [Immunoglobulin G subclass distribution of anti-intercellular substance antibodies in pemphigus]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1995; 122:409–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaeth S, Riechers R, Borradori L, Zillikens D, Budinger L, Hertl M. IgG, IgA and IgE autoantibodies against the ectodomain of desmoglein 3 in active pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2001; 144:1183–1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayatollahi M, Joubeh S, Mortazavi H, Jefferis R, Ghaderi A. IgG4 as the predominant autoantibody in sera from patients with active state of pemphigus vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004; 18:241–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David M, Katzenelson V, Hazaz B, Ben-Chetrit A, Sandbank M. Determination of IgG subclasses in patients with pemphigus with active disease and in remission. Arch Dermatol. 1989; 125:787–790.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hacker MK, Janson M, Fairley JA, Lin MS. Isotypes and antigenic profiles of pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris autoantibodies. Clin Immunol. 2002; 105:64–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones CC, Hamilton RG, Jordon RE. Subclass distribution of human IgG autoantibodies in pemphigus. J Clin Immunol. 1988; 8:43–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YH, Geoghegan WD, Jordon RE. Pemphigus immunoglobulin G subclass autoantibodies: studies of reactivity with cultured human keratinocytes. J Lab Clin Med. 1990; 115:324–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada H, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T. IgG subclasses of intercellular and basement membrane zone antibodies: the relationship to the capability of complement fixation. J Invest Dermatol. 1989; 92:585–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Futei Y, Amagai M, Ishii K, Kuroda-Kinoshita K, Ohya K, Nishikawa T. Predominant IgG4 subclass in autoantibodies of pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus. J Dermatol Sci.. 2001; 26:55–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage RJ, Macduff BM, Spriggs MK, Fanslow WC. Human B cell proliferation and Ig secretion induced by recombinant CD40 ligand are modulated by soluble cytokines. J Immunol. 1993; 150:3671–3680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romagnani S. Human TH1 and TH2 subsets: regulation of differentiation and role in protection and immunopathology. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1992; 98:279–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin MS, Swartz SJ, Lopez A, Ding X, Fernandez-Vina MA, Stastny P, Fairley JA, Diaz LA. Development and characterization of desmoglein-3 specific T cells from patients with pemphigus vulgaris. J Clin Invest. 1997; 99:31–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldman C, Hohne A, Dieckmann D, Schuler G, Hertl M. Type I regulatory T cells specific for desmoglein 3 are more frequently detected in healthy individuals than in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. J Immunol. 2004; 172:6468–6475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wucherpfennig KW, Yu B, Bhol K, Monos DS, Argyris E, Karr RW, Ahmed AR, Strominger JL. Structural basis for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-linked susceptibility to autoimmunity: charged residues of a single MHC binding pocket confer selective presentation of self-peptides in pemphigus vulgaris. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995; 92:11935–11939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huilgol SC, Black MM. Management of the immunobullous disorders. II. Pemphigus. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1995; 20:283–293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hashimoto T. Recent advances in the study of the pathophysiology of pemphigus. Arch Dermatol Res. 2003; 295 Suppl 1:S2–S11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keskin DB, Stern JN, Fridkis-Hareli M, Razzaque Ahmed A. Cytokine profiles in pemphigus vulgaris patients treated with intravenous immunoglobulins as compared to conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Cytokine. 2008; 41:315–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhol KC, Rojas AI, Khan IU, Ahmed AR. Presence of interleukin 10 in the serum and blister fluid of patients with pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigoid. Cytokine. 2000; 12:1076–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narbutt J, Lukamowicz J, Bogaczewicz J, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A, Torzecka JD, Lesiak A. Serum concentration of interleukin-6 is increased both in active and remission stages of pemphigus vulgaris. Mediators Inflamm. 2008; 2008:875394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rico MJ, Benning C, Weingart ES, Streilein RD, Hall RP3rd. Characterization of skin cytokines in bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 1999; 140:1079–1086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawijn MC, Dingjan GM, Ferreira R, Lambrecht BN, Karis A, Grosveld F, Savelkoul H, Hendriks RW. Enforced expression of GATA-3 in transgenic mice inhibits Th1 differentiation and induces the formation of a T1/ST2-expressing Th2-committed T cell compartment in vivo. J Immunol. 2001; 167:724–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng W, Flavell RA. The transcription factor GATA-3 is necessary and sufficient for Th2 cytokine gene expression in CD4 T cells. Cell. 1997; 89:587–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams TM, Fox KR, Kant JA. Interleukin-2: basic biology and therapeutic use. Hematol Pathol. 1991; 5:45–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, Weiner HL, Kuchroo VK. Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature. 2006; 441:235–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korn T, Bettelli E, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK. IL-17 and Th17 cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009; 27:485–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettelli E, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK. T(H)-17 cells in the circle of immunity and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2007; 8:345–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangan PR, Harrington LE, O'Quinn DB, Helms WS, Bullard DC, Elson CO, Hatton RD, Wahl SM, Schoeb TR, Weaver CT. Transforming growth factor-beta induces development of the T(H)17 lineage. Nature. 2006; 441:231–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman L. A brief history of T(H)17, the first major revision in the T(H)1/T(H)2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat Med. 2007; 13:139–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arakawa M, Dainichi T, Yasumoto S, Hashimoto T. Lesional Th17 cells in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. J Dermatol Sci. 2009; 53:228–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiyama H, Matsue H, Nagasaka A, Nakamura Y, Tsukamoto K, Shibagaki N, Kawamura T, Kitamura R, Ando N, Shimada S. CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells are markedly decreased in blood of patients with pemphigus vulgaris. Dermatology. 2007; 214:210–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alecu M, Alecu S, Coman G, Galatescu E, Ursaciuc C. ICAM-1, ELAM-1, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in serum and blister liquid of pemphigus vulgaris patients. Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol. 1999; 58:121–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lopez-Robles E, Avalos-Diaz E, Vega-Memije E, Hojyo-Tomoka T, Villalobos R, Fraire S, Domiguez-Soto L, Herrera-Esparza R. TNFalpha and IL-6 are mediators in the blistering process of pemphigus. Int J Dermatol. 2001; 40:185–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grando SA, Glukhenky BT, Drannik GN, Epshtein EV, Kostromin AP, Korostash TA. Mediators of inflammation in blister fluids from patients with pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol. 1989; 125:925–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feliciani C, Toto P, Amerio P, Pour SM, Coscione G, Shivji G, Wang B, Sauder DN. In vitro and in vivo expression of interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA in pemphigus vulgaris: interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are involved in acantholysis. J Invest Dermatol. 2000; 114:71–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhol KC, Desai A, Kumari S, Colon JE, Ahmed AR. Pemphigus vulgaris: the role of IL-1 and IL-1 receptor antagonist in pathogenesis and effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on their production. Clin Immuno. 2001; 100:172–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feliciani C, Toto P, Amerio P. In vitro C3 mRNA expression in Pemphigus vulgaris: complement activation is increased by IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha. J Cutan Med Surg. 1999; 3:140–144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feliciani C, Toto P, Wang B, Sauder DN, Amerio P, Tulli A. Urokinase plasminogen activator mRNA is induced by IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha in in vitro acantholysis. Exp Dermatol. 2003; 12:466–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murrell DF, Dick S, Ahmed AR, Amagai M, Barnadas MA, Borradori L, Bystryn JC, Cianchini G, Diaz L, Fivenson D, Hall R, Harman KE, Hashimoto T, Hertl M, Hunzelmann N, Iranzo P, Joly P, Jonkman MF, Kitajima Y, Korman NJ, Martin LK, Mimouni D, Pandya AG, Payne AS, Rubenstein D, Shimizu H, Sinha AA, Sirois D, Zillikens D, Werth VP. Consensus statement on definitions of disease, end points, and therapeutic response for pemphigus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008; 58:1043–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arend WP, Joslin FG, Massoni RJ. Effects of immune complexes on production by human monocytes of interleukin 1 or an interleukin 1 inhibitor. J Immunol. 1985; 134:3868–3875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinarello CA, Thompson RC. Blocking IL-1: interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in vivo and in vitro. Immunol Today. 1991; 12:404–410.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korn T, Bettelli E, Gao W, Awasthi A, Jager A, Strom TB, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK. IL-21 initiates an alternative pathway to induce proinflammatory T(H)17 cells. Nature. 2007; 448:484–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurieva R, Yang XO, Martinez G, Zhang Y, Panopoulos AD, Ma L, Schluns K, Tian Q, Watowich SS, Jetten AM, Dong C. Essential autocrine regulation by IL-21 in the generation of inflammatory T cells. Nature. 2007; 448:480–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Ivanov II, Spolski R, Min R, Shenderov K, Egawa T, Levy DE, Leonard WJ, Littman DR. IL-6 programs T(H)-17 cell differentiation by promoting sequential engagement of the IL-21 and IL-23 pathways. Nat Immunol. 2007; 8:967–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGeachy MJ, Bak-Jensen KS, Chen Y, Tato CM, Blumenschein W, McClanahan T, Cua DJ. TGF-beta and IL-6 drive the production of IL-17 and IL-10 by T cells and restrain T(H)-17 cell-mediated pathology. Nat Immunol. 2007; 8:1390–1397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li MO, Wan YY, Sanjabi S, Robertson AK, Flavell RA. Transforming growth factor-beta regulation of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol. 2006; 24:99–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choy EH, Isenberg DA, Garrood T, Farrow S, Ioannou Y, Bird H, Cheung N, Williams B, Hazleman B, Price R, Yoshizaki K, Nishimoto N, Kishimoto T, Panayi GS. Therapeutic benefit of blocking interleukin-6 activity with an anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 46:3143–3150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott MJ, Maini RN, Feldmann M, Kalden JR, Antoni C, Smolen JS, Leeb B, Breedveld FC, Macfarlane JD, Bijl H, . Randomised double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor alpha (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 1994; 344:1105–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stack WA, Mann SD, Roy AJ, Heath P, Sopwith M, Freeman J, Holmes G, Long R, Forbes A, Kamm MA. Randomised controlled trial of CDP571 antibody to tumour necrosis factor-alpha in Crohn's disease. Lancet. 1997; 349:521–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berookhim B, Fischer HD, Weinberg JM. Treatment of recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris with the tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist etanercept. Cutis. 2004; 74:245–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin MH, Hsu CK, Lee JY. Successful treatment of recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus vegetans with etanercept and carbon dioxide laser. Arch Dermatol. 2005; 141:680–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gubinelli E, Bergamo F, Didona B, Annessi G, Atzori F, Raskovic D. Pemphigus foliaceus treated with etanercept. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006; 55:1107–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardo J, Mercader P, Mahiques L, Sanchez-Carazo JL, Oliver V, Fortea JM. Infliximab in the management of severe pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2005; 153:222–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobi A, Shuler G, Hertl M. Rapid control of therapy-refractory pemphigus vulgaris by treatment with the tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor infliximab. Br J Dermatol. 2005; 153:448–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell SM, Bessinger GT, Altman CE, Belnap CM. Rapid response of IgA pemphigus of the subcorneal pustular dermatosis subtype to treatment with adalimumab and mycophenolate mofetil. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005; 53:541–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church LD, McDermott MF. Canakinumab, a fully-human mAb against IL-1beta for the potential treatment of inflammatory disorders. Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2009; 11:81–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorito S, Magrini L. Autoimmune features in atherosclerotic ischemic cardiomyopathy. Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1992; 24:336–341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ayroldi E, Bastianelli A, Cannarile L, Petrillo MG, Delfino DV, Fierabracci A. A pathogenetic approach to autoimmune skin disease therapy: Psoriasis and biological drugs, unresolved issues, and future directions. Curr Pharm Des. 2011; 17 29: 3176–3190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart TK, Blackburn MN, Brigham-Burke M, Dede K, Al-Mahdi N, Zia-Amirhosseini P, Cook RM. Preclinical efficacy and safety of pascolizumab (SB 240683): a humanized anti-interleukin-4 antibody with therapeutic potential in asthma. Clin Exp Immunol. 2002; 130:93–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borish LC, Nelson HS, Lanz MJ, Claussen L, Whitmore JB, Agosti JM, Garrison L. Interleukin-4 receptor in moderate atopic asthma. A phase I/II randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160:1816–1823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman KE, Albert S, Black MM. Guidelines for the management of pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2003; 149:926–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namazi MR, Fallahzadeh MK, Shaghelani H, Kamali-Sarvestani E. Marked elevation of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. Int J Dermatol. 2010; 49:146–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar