References
- Tsokos, G. C. 2011. Systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 365: 2110–2121
- Renaudineau, Y., and P. Youinou. 2011. Epigenetics and autoimmunity, with special emphasis on methylation. Keio J. Med. 60: 10–16
- Ogasawara, H., T. Naito, H. Kaneko, et al. 2001. Quantitative analyses of messenger RNA of human endogenous retrovirus in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol. 28: 533–538
- Okada, M., H. Ogasawara, H. Kaneko, et al. 2002. Role of DNA methylation in transcription of human endogenous retrovirus in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol. 29: 1678–1682
- Le Dantec, C., M. M. Varin, W. H. Brooks, et al. 2012. Epigenetics and Sjogren's syndrome. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 13: 2046–2053
- Thabet, Y., F. Canas, I. Ghedira, et al. 2012. Altered patterns of epigenetic changes in systemic lupus erythematosus and auto-antibody production: is there a link? J. Autoimmun. 39: 154–160
- Garcia-Montojo, M., M. Dominguez-Mozo, A. Arias-Leal, et al. 2013. The DNA copy number of human endogenous retrovirus-W (MSRV-type) is increased in multiple sclerosis patients and is influenced by gender and disease severity. PLoS One 8: e53623
- Perl, A., E. Colombo, H. Dai, et al. 1995. Antibody reactivity to the HRES-1 endogenous retroviral element identifies a subset of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and overlap syndromes. Correlation with antinuclear antibodies and HLA class II alleles. Arthritis Rheum. 38: 1660–1671
- Sicat, J., N. Sutkowski, and B. T. Huber. 2005. Expression of human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K18 superantigen is elevated in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 32: 1821–1831
- Garaud, S., C. Le Dantec, S. Jousse-Joulin, et al. 2009. IL-6 modulates CD5 expression in B cells from patients with lupus by regulating DNA methylation. J. Immunol. 182: 5623–5632
- Garaud, S., C. Le Dantec, C. Berthou, et al. 2008. Selection of the alternative exon 1 from the cd5 gene down-regulates membrane level of the protein in B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 181: 2010–2018
- Brooks, W. H., C. Le Dantec, J. O. Pers, et al. 2010. Epigenetics and autoimmunity. J. Autoimmun. 34: J207–219
- Solyom, S., and H. H. KazazianJr. 2012. Mobile elements in the human genome: implications for disease. Genome Med. 4: 12 . doi:10.1186/gm311
- Blomberg, J., F. Benachenhou, V. Blikstad, et al. 2009. Classification and nomenclature of endogenous retroviral sequences (ERVs): problems and recommendations. Gene 448: 115–123
- Pybus, O. G., and A. Rambaut. 2009. Evolutionary analysis of the dynamics of viral infectious disease. Nat. Rev. Genet. 10: 540–550
- Renaudineau, Y., S. Vallet, C. Le Dantec, et al. 2005. Characterization of the human CD5 endogenous retrovirus-E in B lymphocytes. Genes Immun. 6: 663–671
- Perl, A., J. D. Rosenblatt, I. S. Chen, et al. 1989. Detection and cloning of new HTLV-related endogenous sequences in man. Nucl. Acids Res. 17: 6841–6854
- Banki, K., J. Maceda, E. Hurley, et al. 1992. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-related endogenous sequence, HRES-1, encodes a 28-kDa protein: a possible autoantigen for HTLV-I gag-reactive autoantibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 1939–1943
- Magistrelli, C., E. Samoilova, R. K. Agarwal, et al. 1999. Polymorphic genotypes of the HRES-1 human endogenous retrovirus locus correlate with systemic lupus erythematosus and autoreactivity. Immunogenetics 49: 829–834
- Pullmann, R., Jr., E. Bonilla, P. E. Phillips, et al. 2008. Haplotypes of the HRES-1 endogenous retrovirus are associated with development and disease manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 58: 532–540
- Fernandez, D. R., T. Telarico, E. Bonilla, et al. 2009. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin controls the loss of TCRzeta in lupus T cells through HRES-1/Rab4-regulated lysosomal degradation. J. Immunol. 182: 2063–2073
- Petri, M., A. M. Orbai, G. S. Alarcon, et al. 2012. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 64: 2677–2686
- Tan, E. M., A. S. Cohen, J. F. Fries, et al. 1982. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 25: 1271–1277
- Deng, C., Q. Lu, Z. Zhang, et al. 2003. Hydralazine may induce autoimmunity by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway signaling. Arthritis Rheum. 48: 746–756
- Deng, C., M. J. Kaplan, J. Yang, et al. 2001. Decreased Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling may cause DNA hypomethylation in T lymphocytes from lupus patients. Arthritis Rheum. 44: 397–407
- Hillion, S., S. Garaud, V. Devauchelle, et al. 2007. Interleukin-6 is responsible for aberrant B-cell receptor-mediated regulation of RAG expression in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology 122: 371–380
- Balada, E., J. Ordi-Ros, S. Serrano-Acedo, et al. 2007. Transcript overexpression of the MBD2 and MBD4 genes in CD4+ T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J. Leukoc. Biol. 81: 1609–1616
- Park, B. L., L. H. Kim, H. D. Shin, et al. 2004. Association analyses of DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1) polymorphisms with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Hum. Genet. 49: 642–646
- Li, Y., M. Zhao, H. Yin, et al. 2010. Overexpression of the growth arrest and DNA damage-induced 45alpha gene contributes to autoimmunity by promoting DNA demethylation in lupus T cells. Arthritis Rheum. 62: 1438–1447
- Sawalha, A. H., L. Wang, A. Nadig, et al. 2012. Sex-specific differences in the relationship between genetic susceptibility, T cell DNA demethylation and lupus flare severity. J. Autoimmun. 38: J216–J222
- Hernando, H., C. Shannon-Lowe, A. B. Islam, et al. 2013. The B cell transcription program mediates hypomethylation and overexpression of key genes in Epstein--Barr virus-associated proliferative conversion. Genome Biol. 14: R3 . doi:10.1186/gb-2013-14-1-r3
- Thabet, Y., C. Le Dantec, I. Ghedira, et al. 2013. Epigenetic dysregulation in salivary glands from patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome may be ascribed to infiltrating B cells. J. Autoimmun. 41: 175–181
- Pan, W., S. Zhu, M. Yuan, et al. 2010. MicroRNA-21 and microRNA-148a contribute to DNA hypomethylation in lupus CD4+ T cells by directly and indirectly targeting DNA methyltransferase 1. J. Immunol. 184: 6773–6781
- Zhao, S., Y. Wang, Y. Liang, et al. 2010. MicroRNA-126 regulates DNA methylation in CD4(+) T cells and contributes to systemic lupus erythematosus by targeting DNA methyltransferase 1. Arthritis Rheum. 63: 1376–1386
- Wang, G. S., M. Zhang, X. P. Li, et al. 2009. Ultraviolet B exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus inhibits DNA methylation. Lupus 18: 1037–1044
- Nakkuntod, J., P. Sukkapan, Y. Avihingsanon, et al. 2013. DNA methylation of human endogenous retrovirus in systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Hum. Genet. 58: 241–249
- Javierre, B. M., A. F. Fernandez, J. Richter, et al. 2010. Changes in the pattern of DNA methylation associate with twin discordance in systemic lupus erythematosus. Genome Res. 20: 170–179
- Jeffries, M. A., M. Dozmorov, Y. Tang, et al. 2011. Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in CD4+ T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Epigenetics 6: 593–601
- Coit, P., M. Jeffries, N. Altorok, et al. 2013. Genome-wide DNA methylation study suggests epigenetic accessibility and transcriptional poising of interferon-regulated genes in naive CD4+ T cells from lupus patients. J. Autoimmun. 43: 78–84
- Furukawa, H., S. Oka, T. Matsui, et al. 2013. Genome, epigenome and transcriptome analyses of a pair of monozygotic twins discordant for systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum. Immunol. 74: 170–175
- Cui, Y., Y. Sheng, and X. Zhang. 2013. Genetic susceptibility to SLE: recent progress from GWAS. J. Autoimmun. 41: 25–33
- Lu, Q., Y. Renaudineau, S. Cha, et al. 2010. Epigenetics in autoimmune disorders: highlights of the 10th Sjogren's syndrome symposium. Autoimmun. Rev. 9: 627–630
- Taher, T. E., H. A. Muhammad, E. Bariller, et al. 2013. B-Lymphocyte signalling abnormalities and lupus immunopathology. Int. Rev. Immunol. 32: 428--444
- Taher, T. E., H. A. Muhammad, A. Rahim, et al. 2013. Aberrant B-lymphocyte responses in lupus: inherent or induced and potential therapeutic targets. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 43: 866--880
- Garaud, S., P. Youinou, and Y. Renaudineau. 2011. DNA methylation and B-cell autoreactivity. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 711: 50–60
- Mazari, L., M. Ouarzane, and M. Zouali. 2007. Subversion of B lymphocyte tolerance by hydralazine, a potential mechanism for drug-induced lupus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 6317–6322
- Bannert, N., and R. Kurth. 2004. Retroelements and the human genome: new perspectives on an old relation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 14572–14579
- Nakkuntod, J., Y. Avihingsanon, A. Mutirangura, and N. Hirankarn. 2011. Hypomethylation of LINE-1 but not Alu in lymphocyte subsets of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Clin. Chim. Acta 412: 1457–1461
- Piotrowski, P. C., S. Duriagin, and P. P. Jagodzinski. 2005. Expression of human endogenous retrovirus clone 4-1 may correlate with blood plasma concentration of anti-U1 RNP and anti-Sm nuclear antibodies. Clin. Rheumatol. 24: 620–624
- Adelman, M. K., D. E. Yocum, and J. J. Marchalomis. 2004. Endogenous retroviruses are etiological agents in systemic lupus erythematosus. In Infection and Autoimmunity, Y. Shoenfeld and N. R. Rose, eds. Elsevier, The Netherlands. p. 271--288
- Renaudineau, Y., S. Hillion, A. Saraux, et al. 2005. An alternative exon 1 of the CD5 gene regulates CD5 expression in human B lymphocytes. Blood 106: 2781–2789
- Nagy, G., J. Ward, D. D. Mosser, et al. 2006. Regulation of CD4 expression via recycling by HRES-1/RAB4 controls susceptibility to HIV infection. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 34574–34591
- Garaud, S., A. Morva, S. Lemoine, et al. 2011. CD5 promotes IL-10 production in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells through STAT3 and NFAT2 activation. J. Immunol. 186: 4835–4844
- Illei, G. G., Y. Shirota, C. H. Yarboro, et al. 2010. Tocilizumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: data on safety, preliminary efficacy, and impact on circulating plasma cells from an open-label phase I dosage-escalation study. Arthritis Rheum. 62: 542–552
- Shirota, Y., C. Yarboro, R. Fischer, et al. 2013. Impact of anti-interleukin-6 receptor blockade on circulating T and B cell subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72: 118–128
- Blanco-Betancourt, C. E., A. Moncla, M. Milili, et al. 2004. Defective B-cell-negative selection and terminal differentiation in the ICF syndrome. Blood 103: 2683–2690
- Heyn, H., E. Vidal, S. Sayols, et al. 2012. Whole-genome bisulfite DNA sequencing of a DNMT3B mutant patient. Epigenetics 7: 542–550