The Primary Lesion Theory of Autoimmunity: A Speculative Hypothesis

References

• The Smith papyrus (c. 1600 BC) The British Museum
   Google Scholar
• Hunter J. A Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation and Gunshot Wounds. Webster, Philadelphia, PA 1823
   Google Scholar
• Pasteur L, Joubert J, Chamberland C. The Germ Theory of Disease. C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad Sci 1878; 86: 1037–52
   Google Scholar
• Wilkin T J. Autoimmunity: Attack or defence?. Autoimmunity 1989; 3: 57–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofler R, Dixon F J, Theofilopoulos A N. the genetic origin of autoantibodies. Immunol Today 1987; 8: 374–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davidson A, Shefner R, Livneh A, Diamond E. The role of somatic mutation of immunoglobulin genes in autoimmunity. Ann Rev Immunol 1987; 5: 85–108, (Ed Paul WE, Fathman CG, Metzger M) Ann Reviews Inc, Palo Alto, Calif, USA
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirza I H, Wilkin T J. Antigenicity of the carboxyterminus of insulin: isolation of human insulinspecific monoclonal antibodies. Immunology 1988; 65: 43–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roitt I H, Brostoff J, Male D K. Immunology 1985, Ch.11. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1985
   Google Scholar
• Cohen I R. An eclectic summary of the symposium on autoimmunity. Immunol Today 1989; 10: 394–96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rose N R, Witebsky E. Studies on organ specificity V: changes in thyroid glands in rabbits following active immunisation with rabbit thyroid extracts. J Immunol 1956; 76: 417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnet F M. A modification of Jerne's theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection. Austrl J Sci 1957; 20: 67–69
   Google Scholar
• Nossal G JV. How is tolerance generated?. Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Disease, D. Evered, J. Whelan. Ciba Foundation Symposium, John Wiley & Sons, ChichesterUK 1987; 129: 59–72
   Google Scholar
• Roitt I M, Brostoff J, Male D K. Immunology. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1985; 12.1
   Google Scholar
• Coutinho A, Bandeira A. Tolerize one, tolerize them all: tolerance is self assertion. Immunol Today 1989; 10: 264–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Volpe R. the immunoregulatory disturbance in autoimmune thyroid disease. Autoimmunity 1988; 2: 55–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waldmann H, Cobbold C, Shixin Q, Benjamin R, Nash A, Welsh J, Tarnesby G. Monoclonal antibodies for the depletion of specific subpopulations of lymphocytes. Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Disease, D. Evered, J. Whelan. Ciba Foundation Symposium; John Wiley & Sons, ChichesterUK 1987; 129: 194–208
   Google Scholar
• Adam D D, Knight J F. H gene theory of inherited disease. Lancet 1980; 1: 39698
   Google Scholar
• Ogasawara K, Malyo W L, Schwartz R J. Failure to find holes in the T-cell repertoire. nature 1987; 325: 450–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison A C. Unresponsiveness to self-antigens. Lancet 1971; 2: 1401–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigle W O. Recent observations and concepts in ummunological unresponsiveness and autoimmunity. Clin Exp Immunol 1971; 9: 437–47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plotz P H. Autoantibodies are anti-idiotype antibodies to antiviral antibodies. Lancet 1983; 2: 824–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sege K, Peterson P A. Use of anti-idiotypic antibodies as cell surface receptor probes. Proc Nar Acad Sci 1978; 75: 2443–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam N M, Pepper Briones-Uribinar BM, Farid N R. Biological activity of anti-thyrotropin anti-idiotypic antibody. Eur J Immunol 1983; 13: 57–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassermann N H, Penn A S, Freimuth P I. Anti-idiotypic route to antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies and experimental myasthenia gravis. Proc Nar Acad Sci 1982; 79: 4810–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidenreich F, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J. Differences in fine specificity of antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies between subgroups of spontaneous myasthenia gravis of recent onset, and of penicillamine-induced myasthenia. Autoimmunity 1988; 2: 31–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wenzel B E, Heesemann J, Wenzel K W, Scriba P C. Patients with atuoimmune thyroid diseases have antibodies to plasmid-encoded proteins of enteropathogenic yersinia. J Endocrinol Invest 1988; 11: 139–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams T E, Alpert S, Hanahan D. Non-tolerance and autoantibodies to a transgenic self-antigen expressed in pancretic B-cells. Nature 1986; 325: 223–28
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges M, Ingbar J C, Endo K. A new method for assessing the thyrotrophin binding inhibitory activty in the immunoglobulins and whole serum of patients with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 54: 552–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burman K D, Baker J R. Immune mechanisms in Graves' disease. Endocrine Rev 1985; 6: 183–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babbitt B P, Allen P M, Matsueda G, Haber E, Unanue E R. binding of immunogenic peptides to Ia histocompatibility molecules. Nature 1985; 317: 359–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucy R P, Karp J. Ir gene control of the immune responses to insulin II: phenotypic differences in T cell activity among responder and non-responder strains of mice. J Immunol 1985; 130: 2062–66
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matis L A, Glincher L H, Paul W E, Schwartz R H. Magnitude of responses of histocompatibility restricted T cell clones is a function of the product of the concentrations of antigen and Ia molecules. Proc Not Acad Sci 1983; 80: 6019–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molvig J, Back L, Platz P, Christensen P, Nerup J. HLA DR-2 psotivie individuals demonstrate low interleukin-I secretion of lipopolysaccharide stimulated monocyte cultures. Diubetologia 1987; 30: 559A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampeter E F, Signore A, Gale E AM, Pozzilli P. Lessons from the NOD mouse for the pathogenesis and immunotherapy of human type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diubetologia 1989; 32: 703–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd J A, Bell J I, McDevitt H O. HLA-DQB gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature 1987; 329: 599–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamagata K, Nakajima H, Hanafusa T, Noguchi T, Miyazaki A, Miyagawa J, Sada M, Amemiya H, Tanaka T, Kono N, Tarui S. Aspartic acid at position 57 of DQB chain does not protect against type I (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus in Japanese subjects. Diubetologia 1989; 32: 762–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibata M, Puga A, Salata K F, Bachurski C J, Lemon M I, Notkins A L. Expression of a viral gene in insulin-producing cell-lines renders them susceptible to immunological destruction. Diubetologia 1989; 10: 709–15
   Google Scholar
• Malatzky-Foshen E, Shoenfeld Y. Aids and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 1989; 3: 201–202
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosen F S. Autoimmunity and immunodeficiency disease, D. Evered, J. Whelan. Ciba Foundation Symposium; John Wiley & Sons, ChichesterUK 1987; 129: 135–148
   Google Scholar