The Structure of Human MHC Class II Genes

References

• Buus S, Sette A, Grey H. The interaction between protein‐derived immunogenic peptides and la. Immunological Rev. 1987; 98: 115–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiman K, Curman B, Forsum U, Klareskog L, Tjernlund‐ Malmnis U, Rask L, TragBrd L, Peterson P A. Occurrence of la antigens on tissues of non‐lymphoid origin. Nuture. 1978; 276: 711–713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown J H, Jardetzky T, Saper M A, Samraoui B, Björkman P J, Wiley D C. A hypothetical model of the foreign antigen binding site of class II histocompatibility molecules. Nature 1988; 332: 845–850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy D A, Bell J I, Long E O, Lindsten T, McDevitt H O. Mapping of the class II region of the human histocompatibil ity complex by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. Nature 1986; 323: 453–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servenius B, Rask L, Peterson P A. Class II genes of the human major histocompatibility complex: The DOP gene is a divergent member of the class II β gene family. J Biol Chem. 1987; 262: 8759–8766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trowsdale J, Kelly A. The human class II α gene DZα is distinct from genes in the D. P. DQ, and DR subregions. EMBO J. 1988; 4: 2231–2237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanck G, Strominger J L. Molecular organization of the DQ subregion (DO‐DX‐DV‐DQ) of the human MHC and its evolutionary implications. J Immunol. 1988; 141: 1734–1737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servenius B, Gustafsson K, Widmark E, Emmoth E, Andersson G, Larhammar D, Rask L, Peterson P A. Molecular map of the human HLA‐SB (HLA‐DP) region and sequence of an SBa (DPr) pseudogene. EMBO J. 1984; 3: 3109–3214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trowsdale J, Kelly A, Lee J, Carson S, Austin P, Travers P. Linkage map of two HLA‐SBβ and two HLA‐SBα‐related genes: an intron in one of the SBβ genes contains a processed pseudogene. Cell. 1984; 38: 241–249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorski J, Rollini P, Long E O, Mach B. Molecular organization of the HLA‐SB region of the human major histocompatibility complex and evidence for two SB β‐chain genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1984; 81: 3934–3938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altmann D M, Trowsdale J. Major histocompatibility complex structure and function. Current Opinion in Immunology. 1989; 2: 93–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rask L, Gustafsson K, Larhammar D, Ronne H, Peterson P A. Generation of class II antigen polymorphism. Immunol Rev. 1985; 84: 123–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson K, Widmark E, Jonsson A K, Servenius B, Sachs D H, Larhammar D, Rask L, Peterson P A. Class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex: Evolution of the DP region as deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the four genes. J Biol Chem. 1987; 262: 8778–8786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugawan T L, Horn G T, Long C, Mickelson E, Hansen J A, Ferrara G B, Angelini G, Erlich H A. Analysis of HLA‐DP allelic sequence polymorphism using the in vitro enzymatic DNA amplification of DP‐α and DP‐β loci. J Immunol. 1988; 141: 4024–4030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodmer J G, Marsh S G E, Albert E. Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1989. Immunology Taday. 1990; 11: 3–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson L, Lundèn A, Sigurdardottir S, Davies C J, Rask L. Linkage relationships in the bovine MHC region. High recombination frequency between class II subregions. Immunogenetics. 1988; 27: 273–280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott P C, Choi C L, Brandon M R. Genetic organization of the bovine MHC class II region. Immunogenetics. 1987; 25: 116–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson A K, Rask L. Human class II DNA and DOB genes display low sequence variability. Immunoenetics. 1989; 29: 411–413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoko H, Ando A, Kimura M, Tsuji K. Isolation and chardcterization of the cDNA clone and genomic clones of a new HLA class II antigen heavy chain DOa. J Immunol. 1985; 135: 2156–2159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada K, Boss J M, Prentice H, Spies T, Mengler R, Auffray C, Lillie J, Grossberger D, Strominger J L. Gene organization of DC and DX subregions of the human major histocompati bility complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985; 82: 3410–3414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larhammar D, Hyldig‐Nielsen J J, Servenius B, Andersson G, Rask L, Peterson P A. Exon‐intron organization and complete nucleotide sequence of a human major histocompatibility antigen DCβ gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1983; 80: 7313–7317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auffray C, Lillie J W, Arnot D, Grossberger D, Kappes D, Strominger J L. lsotypic and allotypic variation of human class II histocompatibihty antigen a chain genes. Nature 1984; 308: 327–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson A K, Hyldig‐Nielsen J J, Servenius B, Larhammar D, Andersson G, Jorgensen F, Peterson P A, Rask L. Class II genes of the human major histocompatibility complex: Comparison of the DQ and DX α and β genes. J Biol Chem. 1987; 262: 8767–8777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn G T, Bugawan T L, Long C M, Erlich H A. Allelic sequence variation of the HLA‐DQ loci: relationship to serology and insulin‐dependent diabetes susceptibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988; 85: 6012–6016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukamoto K, Yasunami M, Kimura A, Inoko H, Ando A, Hirose T, Inayama S, Sasazuki T. DQwlβ gene from HLA‐DR2‐Dw12 consists of six exons and expresses multiple DQwlβ polypeptides through alternative splicing. Immunogenrtics. 1987; 25: 343–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ando A, Kawai J, Maeda M, Tsuji K, Trowsdale J, Inoko H. Mapping and nucleotide sequence of a new HLA class II light chain gene DQB3. Immunogenetics. 1989; 30: 243–249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonnelle C, DeMars R, Long E O. DOβ: a new β chain gene in HLA‐D with a distinct regulation of expression. EMBO J. 1985; 4: 2839–2847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larhammar D, Hammerling U, Rask L, Peterson P A. Sequence of gene and cDNA encoding murine major histocompatibility complex class II gene Aβ2. J Biol Chem. 1985; 260: 14111–14119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasahara M, Klein D, Klein J. Nucleotide sequence of a chimpanzee DOB cDNA done. Immunogenetics. 1989; 30: 66–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böhme J, Andersson M, Andersson G, Möller E, Peterson P A, Rask L. HLA‐DRβ genes vary in number between different DR specificities whereas the number of DQβ genes is constant. J Immunol. 1985; 135: 2149–2155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollini P, Mach B, Gorski J. Linkage map of three HLA‐DRβ chain genes: evidence for a recent duplication event. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985; 82: 7197–7201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spies T, Sorrentino R, Boss J M, Okada K, Strominger J L. Structural organization of the DR subregion of the human major histocompatibility complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985; 82: 5165–5169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson G, Larhammar D, Widmark E, Servenius R, Peterson P A, Rask L. Class II genes of the human major histocompatibility complex. Organization and evolutionary relationship of the DR/I genes. J Biol Chem. 1987; 262: 8748–8758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorski J, Rollini P, Mach B. Structural comparison of the genes of the two HLA‐DR supertypic groups: The loci encoding DRw52 and DRw53 are not truly allelic. Immunogenetics. 1987; 25: 397–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson A K, Andersson L, Rask L. A cellular and functional split in the DRw8 haplotype is due to a single amino acid replacement (DRβ Ser57‐asp57). Immunogenetics. 1989; 29: 308–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rask L, Andersson L, Gustafsson K, Jonsson A K. Parsimony analysis of mammalian class II histocompatibility genes. Immunol Rev. 1990; 113: 187–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meunier H F, Carson S, Bodmer W F, Trowsdale J. An isolated β1, exon next to the DRα gene in the HLA‐D region. Immunogenetics. 1986; 23: 72–180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swoford D L. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (PAUP), Version 2.4. Illinois Natural History Survey. ChampaignUSA 1985
   Google Scholar
• Prager E M, Wilson A C. Ancient origin of lactalbumin from lysozyme: Analysis of DNA and amino acid sequences. J Mol Evol. 1988; 27: 326–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson A K, Andersson L, Rask L. Selection for polymorphism in the antigen recognition site of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Scand J Immunol. 1989; 30: 409–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson K G, Wiman K, Emmoth E, Larhammar D, Böhme J, Hyldig‐Nielsen J J, Ronne H, Peterson P A, Rask L. Mutations and selection in the generation of class II histocom‐patibility antigen polymorphism. EMBO J. 1984; 3: 1655–1660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes A L, Nei M. Nucleotide substitution of major histo compatibility complex class II loci: Evidence for overdominant selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989; 86: 958–962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denaro M, Hammerling U, Rask L, Peterson P A. The Eb beta gene may have acted as thc donor gene in a gene coiivcrsion‐ like event generating the Ahm12 beta mutant. EMBO J. 1984; 3: 2029–2932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorski J, Mach B. Polymorphism of human la antigens: gcnc conversion between two DR beta loci results in a new D/DR specificity. Nature 1986; 322: 67–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu S, Saunders T L, Bach F H. Polymorphism of human la antigens gcnerated by reciprocal intergenic exchange between two DR β loci. Nature 1986; 324: 676–679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari J L, Terasaki P. HLA and disease association. Springer‐Verlag, New York 1985
   Google Scholar
• Levi‐Strauss M, Carroll M C, Steinmetz M, Meo T. A previously undetected MHC gene with an unusual periodic structure. Science 1988; 240: 201–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spies T, Blanck G, Bresnahan M, Sands J, Stromingel J L. A new cluster of genes within the human major histocompatibility complex. Science 1989; 243: 214–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent C A, Dunham I, Trowsdale J, Campell R D. Human major histocompatibility complex contains genes for the major heat shock protein Hsp70. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989; 86: 1968–1972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar