A Minor Group of Rheumatoid Factors Isolated from a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis is Derived from Somatically Mutated VK1 Genes Further Evidence That Rheumatoid Factors During Autoimmune Diseases Undergo an Antigen Driven Maturation

References

• Schlomchick M J, Marshak‐Rothstein A, Wolfowicz C B, Rothstein T L, Weigert M G. The role of clonal selection and somatic mutation in autoimmunity. Nature 1987; 328: 805–811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirohata S, Tetsufumi I, Miyamoto T. Frequency analysis of human peripheral blood B cells producing IgM‐rheumatoid factors. J. Immunol 1990; 145: 1681–1686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dighiero G, Lymberi P, Holmberg D, Lundquist I, Coutinho A, Avrameas S. High frequency of natural autoantibodies in normal newborn mice. J. Immunol 1985; 134: 765–771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder H W, Jr, Hillson J L, Perlmutter R M. Early restriction of the human antibody repertoire. Science 1987; 238: 791–793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson A I, Dalai N F, Haidar M, Tar L, Orlow M. Prominent IgM rheumatoid factor production by human cord blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1. J Immunol 1987; 139: 2237–2241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guilbert B, Dighiero G, Avrameas S. Naturally occurring antibodies against nine common antigens in human sera. J Immunol 1982; 128: 2779–2787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin T, Duffy S F, Carson D A, Kipps T J. Evidence for somatic selection of natural autoantibodies. J. Exp Med 1992; 175: 983–991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz I, Dang H, Takei M, Talal N, Capra J D. VH sequence of a human anti‐Sm autoantibody. Evidence that autoantibodies can be unmutated copies of germline genes. J. Immunol 1989; 142: 883–887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual V, Randen I, Thompson K, Sould M, Forre C, Natvig J B, et al. The complete nucleotide sequences of the heavy chain variable regions of six monospecific rheumatoid factors derived from EBV transformed B cells isolated from the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: further evidence that some autoantibodies are unmutated copies of germline genes. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 1320–1328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinman D M, Steinberg A D. Systemic autoimmune disease arises from polyclonal B cell activation. J Exp Med 1987; 165: 1755–1760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen P P, Liu M F, Sinha S, Carson D A. A 16/6 idiotype positive anti‐DNA antibody is encoded by a conserved VH gene with no somatic mutation. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 1429–1431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson D A, Chen P P, Kipps T J. New roles for rheumatoid factor. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 379–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzger H. Myeloma proteins and antibodies. Am J Med 1969; 47: 837–844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin T, Pasquali J L. CD5 negative IgM rheumatoid factor B cells in B‐chronic lymphocytic leukemia and benign mixed cryoglobulinemia. Leukemia & Lymphoma 1992; 7: 55–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunkel H G, Agnello V, Joslin F G, Winchester R J, Capra J D. Cross‐idiotypic specificity among monoclonal IgM proteins with anti‐gamma globulin activity. J Exp Med 1973; 137: 331–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews D W, Capra J D. Complete amino acid sequence of variable domains from two monoclonal human anti‐gamma globulins of the Wa cross‐idiotypic group: Suggestion that the J segments are involved in the structural correlate of the idiotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 3799–3803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen P P, Albrandt K, Orida N K, Radoux V, Chen E W, Schrantz R, et al. Genetic basis for the cross reactive idiotypes on the light chains of human IgM anti‐IgG autoantibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 8318–8322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson D A, Fong S. A common idiotype on human rheumatoid factors identified by a hybridoma antibody. Mol Immunol 1983; 20: 1081–1087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radoux V, Chen P P, Sorge J A, Carson D A. A conserved human germline V kappa gene directly encodes rheumatoid factor light chains. J Exp Med 1986; 164: 2119–2124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrohenloher R E, Accavitti M A, Bhown A S, Koopman W J. Monoclonal antibody 6B6.6 defines a cross‐reactive kappa light chain idiotope on human monoclonal and polyclonal rheumatoid factors. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 187–198
   Google Scholar
• Liu M F, Robbins D L, Crowley J J, Sinha S, Kozin F, Kipps T J, et al. Characterization of four homologous light chain variable region genes which are related to 6B6.6 idiotype positive human rheumatoid factor light chains. J Immunol 1989; 142: 688–694
   Google Scholar
• Silverman G, Schrohenloher R E, Accavitti M A, Koopman W J, Carson D A. Structural characterization of the second major cross reactive idiotype group of human rheumatoid factors. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 1347–1360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquali J L, Fong S, Tsoukas C, Vaughan J H, Carson D A. Inheritance of Immunoglobulin M rheumatoid factor idiotypes. J Clin Invest 1980; 66: 863–866
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pasquali J L, Martin T, Knapp A M, Levallois H, Farradji A. Monoclonal rheumatoid factor secreting cells in a patient with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Homogeneity and stability of the idiotypic production and in vitro idiotypic supression. J Immunol 1989; 143: 1826–1831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquali J L, Waltzinger C, Kuntz J L, Knapp A M, Levallois H. The majority of peripheral blood monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factor secreting cells is CD5 negative in three patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 1991; 77: 1761–1765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newkirk M M, Capra J D. Restricted usage of immunoglobulin variable region genes in human autoantibodies. Immunoglobulin Genes, T Honjo, F W Alt, T H Rabbits. Academic Press, San Diego 1989; 203–231
   Google Scholar
• Chen P P, Soto‐Gil R W, Carson D A. Idiotypic and molecular characterization of human rheumatoid factors. Chem Immunol 1990; 48: 63–81
   Google Scholar
• Andrews D W, Capra J D. Amino acid sequence of the variable regions of light chains from two idiotypically cross‐reactive human IgM anti‐γ‐globulins of the Wa group. Biochemistry 1981; 20: 5816–5822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klapper D G, Capra J D. The amino acid sequence of the variable regions of the light chains from two idiotypically cross reactive IgM anti‐gamma globulins. Ann Immunol (Paris) 1976; 127: 261–271
   Google Scholar
• Chen P P, Albrandt K, Orida N K, Radoux V, Chen E Y, Schrantz R, et al. Genetic basis for the cross‐reactive idiotypes on the light chains of human IgM anti‐IgG autoantibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 8318–8322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goni F, Chen P P, Pons‐Estel B, Carson D A, Frangione B. Sequence similarities and cross‐idiotypic specificity of L chains among human monoclonal IgM‐K with anti‐gamma globulin activity. J Immunol 1985; 135: 4073–4079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pons‐Estel B, Goni F, Solomon A, Frangione B. Sequences similarities among κIIIb chains of monoclonal human IgMκ autoantibodies. J Exp Med 1984; 160: 893–904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipps T J, Robbins B A, Carson D A. Uniform high frequency expression of autoantibody associated cross‐reactive‐idiotypes in the primary follicles of human fetal spleen. J Exp Med 1990; 171: 189–196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzenberg L A, Stall A M, Lalor P A, Sidman C, Moore W A, Parks D R. The LY‐1 B cell lineage. Immunol Rev 1986; 93: 81–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaison G, Kuntz J L, Pasquali J L. Molecular analysis of VκIII variable regions of polyclonal rheumatoid factors during rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21: 1221–1227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin T, Blaison G, Levallois H, Pasquali J L. Molecular analysis of the VκIII‐Jκ junctional diversity of polyclonal rheumatoid factors during rheumatoid arthritis frequently reveals N addition. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22: 1773–1779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor K D, Randen I, Thompson K, Forre O, Natvig J B, Man Fu S, et al. Rheumatoid Factors isolated from patients with autoimmune disorders are derived from germline genes distinct from those encoding the Wa, Po, and Bla cross‐reactive idiotypes. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 1603–1613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisbart R H, Wong A L, Noritake D, Kacena A, Chan G, Ruland C, et al. The rheumatoid factor reactivity is encoded by a variant VκII L chain gene. J. Immunol 1991; 147: 2795–2801
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson K M, Randen I, Natvig J B, Mageed R A, Jefferis R, Carson D A, et al. Human monoclonal rheumatoid factors derived from the polyclonal repertoire of rheumatoid synovial tissue: incidence of cross‐reactive idiotopes and expression of VH and VK subgroups. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20: 863–868
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pech M, Jaenichen H R, Pohlenz H D, Neumaier P S, Klobeck H G, Zachau H G. Organization and evolution of a gene cluster for human immunoglobulin variable regions of the kappa type. J Mol Biol 1984; 176: 189–204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaenichen H R, Pech M, Lindenmaier W, Wildgruber N, Zachau H G. Composite human Vκ genes and a model of their evolution. Nucl Acids Res 1984; 12: 5249–5263
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaartinen M, Makela O. Functional analogues of the VκOxlgene in different strains of mice: evolutionary conservation but diversity based on V‐J joining. J Immunol 1987; 138: 1613–1617
   Google Scholar
• Heller M, Owens J D, Mushinski J F, Rudikoff S. Amino acids at the site of Vk‐Jk recombination not encoded by germline sequences. J Exp Med 1987; 166: 637–646
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kabat E A, Wu T T, Reid‐Miller M, Perry H M, Gottesman K S. Sequences of proteins of immunological interest. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 1987
   Google Scholar
• Ennis P D, Zemmour J, Salter R D, Parham P. Rapid cloning of HLA‐A‐A, B cDNA by using the polymerase chain reaction: Frequency and nature of errors produced in amplification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 2833–2837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargent W, Schäble K F, Zachau H G. Polymorphisms and haplotypes in the human immunoglobulin kappa locus. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21: 1829–1841
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin T, Knapp A M, Muller S, Pasquali J L. Polyclonal human rheumatoid factors cross‐reacting with histone H3: Characterization of an idiotope on the H3 binding site. J Clin Immunol 1990; 10: 211–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquali J L, Azerad G, Martin T, Muller S. The double reactivity of a human monoclonal rheumatoid factor to IgG and histones is related to distinct binding sites. Eur J Immunol 1988; 18: 1127–1130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuaillon N, Martin T, Knapp A M, Pasquali J L, Muller S. Double reactivity of monoclonal and polyclonal rheumatoid factors for IgG and histones: mapping of binding sites by means of histone synthetic peptides and anti‐Id antibodies. J Autoimmunity 1992; 5: 1–14
   Google Scholar