Autoantibodies Against Gad₆₅ Rather Than Gad₆₇ Precede the Onset of Type 1 Diabetes

References

• Harrison L C., Chu S X., DeAizpurua H J., Graham M., Honeyman M C., Colman P G. Islet-reactive T cells are a marker of preclinical insulin-dependent diabetes. J. Clin. Invest. 1992; 89: 1161–1165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palmer J P., Lernmark A. Pathophysiology of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetes mellitus. Theory and Practice, H Rifkin, D. Porte. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1990; 414–435
   Google Scholar
• Bottazzo G F., Florin-Christensen A., Doniach D. Islet cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus with autoimmune poly-endocrine deficiencies. Lancet 1974; II: 1279–1283
   Google Scholar
• Baekkeskov S., Nielsen J H., Marner B., Bilde T., Ludvigs-Son J., Lernmark A. Autoantibodies in newly diagnosed diabetic children immunoprecipitate human pancreatic islet cell proteins. Nature (Lond) 1982; 298: 167–169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baekkeskov S., Aanstoot H J., Christgau S., Reetz A., Soli-Mena M., Cascalho M. Identification of the 64K antigen in insulin-dependent diabetes as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. Nature (Lond) 1990; 347: 151–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlander M G., Tillakaratne N J.K., Feldblum S., Patel N., Tobin A J. Two genes encode distinct glutamate decarboxylases. Neuron. 1991; 7: 91–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bu D F., Erlander M G., Hitz B C., Tillakaratne N J.K., Kaufman D L., Wagner-McPherson C B. Two human glutamate decarboxylases, 65-kDa GAD and 67 kDa GAD, are each encoded by a single gene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89: 2115–2119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsen A E., Michelsen B K., Petersen J S., Hagopian W A., Grubin C E., Boel E. Glutamate decarboxylase, an autoantigen in insulin-dependent Diabetes mellitus. Diab. Nutr. Metab. 1992; 5: 97–103
   Google Scholar
• Kim J., Richter W., Aanstoot H J., Shi Y., Fu Q., Rajotte R. Differential expression of GAD65 and GAD67 in human, rat and mouse pancreatic islets. Diabetes 1993; 42: 1799–1808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorda R., Peakman M, Tan K C., Vergani D., Trucco M. Glutamate decarboxylase expression in islets and brain. Lancet 1991; 338: 1469–1470
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karlsen A E., Hagopian W A., Petersen J S., Boel E., Dyrberg T., Grubin C E. Recombinant glutamate decarboxylase (representing the single isoform expressed in human islets) detects IDDM-associated 64,000-Mr autoantibodies. Diabetes. 1992; 41: 1355–1359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christgau S., Aanstoot H J., Schierbeck H., Begley K., Tullin S., Hejnaes K. Membrane anchoring of the autoantigen GAD65 to microvesicles in pancreatic β-cells by palmitoylation in the NHrterminal domain. J. Cell Biol. 1992; 118: 309–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solimena M., Folli F., Aparisi R., Pozza G., De Camilli P. Autoantibodies to GABAergic neurons and pancreatic (3-cells in Stiff-man syndrome. New. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 322: 1555–1560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson M A., Kaufman D L., Campbell L., Gibbs K A., Shah S C., Bu D F. Response of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells to glutamate decarboxylase in insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1992; 339: 458–459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley M J., Mackay I R., Chen Q-Y., Knowles W J., Zimmet P. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase discriminate major types of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1992; 41: 548–551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velloso L A., Kampe O., Hallberg A., Christmanson L., Betsholtz C., Karlsson F A. Demonstration of GAD-65 as the main immunogenic isoform of glutamate decarboxylase in Type 1 diabetes and determination of autoantibodies using a radioligand produced by Eucaryotic expression. J. Clin. Invest. 1993; 91: 2084–2090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeAizpurua H J., Harrison L C., Cram D S. An ELISA for antibodies to recombinant glutamic acid decarboxylase in IDDM. Diabetes 1992; 41: 1182–1187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagopian W A., Michelsen B., Karlsen A E., Larsen F., Moody A., Grubin C E. Autoantibodies in IDDM primarily recognize the 65,000-Mr rather than the 67,000-Mr isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase. Diabetes 1993; 42: 631–636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seissler J., Amann J., Mauch L., Haubruck H., Wolfahrt S., Bieg S. Prevalence of autoantibodies to the 65-and 67-kD isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase in insulin-dependent Diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Invest. 1993; 92: 1394–1399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lühder F., Woltanski K P., Hamann J., Klöting I., Ziegler B., Ziegler M. Detection of antibodies against both isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase in BB/OK rats by western blotting and immuno-trapping enzyme activity assay. Diab. Res. 1992; 20: 97–107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ziegler M., Schlosser M., Hamann J., Vieregge P., Lühder F., Klöting I. Autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase detected in diabetes-prone BB/OK rats do not distinguish onset of diabetes. Exp. Clin. Endocrin. 1994; 102: 98–103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mauch L., Seissler J., Haubruck H., Cook N J., Abney C C., Berthold H. Baculovirus-mediated expression of human 65-kDa and 67-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylases in SF9 insect cells and their relevance in diagnosis of insulin-dependent Diabetes mellitus. J. Biochem. 1993; 113: 699–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woltanski K-P., Besch W., Keilacker H., Ziegler M., Kohnert K D. Radioiodination of peptide hormones and immunoglobuline preparations: Comparison of the chlor-amine T and lodogen method. Exp. Clin. Endocrin. 1990; 95: 39–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pilcher C C., Elliot R B. A sensitive and reproducible method for the assay of human islet cell antibodies. J. Immunol. Methods 1990; 129: 111–117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Genovese S., Bonifacio E., McNally J M., Dean B M., Wagner R., Bosi E. Distinct cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies with different risk for type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1992; 35: 385–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohnert K D., Rjasanowski I., Hehmke B., Hamann J., Keilacker H., Michaelis D. The detection of autoantibodies to pancreatic islet cells by immunoenzyme histochemistry. Diabetes Research 1994
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sigurdson E., Baekkeskov S. The 64 kDa Beta cell membrane autoantigen and other target molecules of humoral autoimmunity in IDDM. Current topics in Microbiology and Immunology 1990; 164: 143–167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atkinson M D., Maclaren N K., Sharp D W., Lacy P E., Riley W J. 64,000 M autoantibodies as predictors of insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1990; 335: 1357–1360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baekkeskov S., Landin M., Kristensen J K., Srikanta S., Bruining G J., Mandroup-Poulsen T. Antibodies to a 64000 Mr human islet cell antigen precede the clinical onset of IDDM. J. Clin. Invest. 1987; 79: 926–934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman D L., Erlander M G., Clare-Salzler M., Atkinson M A., Maclaren N K., Tobin A J. Autoimmunity to two forms of glutamate decarboxylase in IDDM. J. Clin. Invest. 1992; 82: 283–292
   Google Scholar
• Richter W., Shi Y., Baekkeskov S. Autoreactive epitopes defined by diabetes-associated human monoclonal antibodies are localized in the middle and C-terminal domains of the smaller form of glutamate decarboxylase. Proc. Natl Acad. Set. USA 1993; 90: 2832–2836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayak R C., Omar M A.K., Rabizadeh A., Srikanta S., Eisenbarth G S. “Cytoplasmic” islet cell antibodies. Evidnecc that the target antigen is a sialoglycoconjugate. Diabetes 1985; 34: 617–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colman P G., Nayak R C., Cambcll I L., Eisenbarth G S. Binding of cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies is blocked by human pancreatic glycolipid extracts. Diabetes 1988; 37: 645–652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bärmeier H., McCulloch D K., Neifing J L., Warnock G., Rajottc R V., Palmer J P. Risk for developing Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mcllitus and the presence of islet 64K antibodies. Diabetologia. 1991; 34: 727–733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thivolct C H., Tappaz M., Durand A., Petersen J., Stefa-Nutti A., Chatelain P. GAD autoantibodies are additional predictive markers of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mcllitus in high risk individuals. Diabetologia. 1992; 35: 570–576
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maclaren N K. Diabetes intervention therapy. J. Diab. Comp. 1993; 7: 151–156
   Google Scholar