Autoimmunity and Vascular Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc)

References

• Campbell P. M., LeRoy E. C. Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: a vascular hypothesis. Semin. Arthritis. Rheum 1975; 4: 351–368
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harker C. T, Ousley P. J, Harris E. J, Edwards J. M, Taylor L. M., Porter J. M. The effects of cooling on human saphenous vein reactivity to adrenergic agonists. J. Vase. Surg 1990; 12: 45–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis T. Experiments relating to the peripheral mechanism involved in spasmodic arrest of the circulation in the fingers, a variety of Raynaud's Disease. Heart 1929; 15: 7–101
   Google Scholar
• Terenghi G., Bunker C. B, Liu Y. F, Springall D. R, Cowen T., Dowd P. M., Polak J. M. Image analysis quantification of peptide-immunoreactive nerves in the skin of patients with Raynaud's phenomenonsystemic sclerosis. J. Pathol 1991; 164: 245–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeRoy E. C, Downey J. A., Cannon P. J. Skin capillary blood flow in scleroderma. J. Clin. Invest 1971; 50: 930–939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young R. H., Mark G. J. Pulmonary vascular changes in scleroderma. Am. J. Med. 1978; 64: 998–1004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander E. L, Firestein G. S, Weiss J. L, Heuser R. R, Leitl G., Wagner H. N, Brinker J. A, Ciuffo A. A., Becker L. C. Reversible cold-induced abnormalities in myocardial perfusionfunction in systemic sclerosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 1986; 105: 661–668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudduth C D., Strange C, Cook W. R, Miller K. S, Baumann M., Collop N. A., Silver R. M. Failure of the circulatory system limits exercise performance in systemic sclerosis. Am. J. Med. 1993; 95: 413–418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner D. D. Cell biology of von Willebrand factor. Ann. Rev. Cell Biol 1990; 6: 217–246
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kahaleh M. B, Osborn I., LeRoy E. Increased factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigenvon Willebrand factor activity in sclerodermain Raynaud's phenomenon. Ann. Intern. Med. 1981; 94: 482–484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrick A. L, Illingworth K., Blann A., Hay C. R, Hollis S., Jayson M. I. Von Willebrand factor, thrombomodulin, thromboxane, β-thromboglobulinmarkers of fibrinolysis in primary Raynaud's phenomenonsystemic sclerosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1996; 55: 122–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greaves M., Malia R. G, Milford Ward A., Moult J., Holt C M., Lindsey N., Hughes P., Goodfield M., Rowell N. R. Elevated von Willebrand factor antigen in systemic sclerosis: relationship to visceral disease. Br. J. Rheumatol 1988; 27: 281–285
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matucci-Cerinic M., Pignone A., Iannone F., Lotti T., Pesciullesi E., Spillantini G., Falcini F., Cagnoni M. Clinical correlations of plasma angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in systemic sclerosis: a longitudinal study of plasma ACE level, endothelial injurylung involvement. Respir. Med. 1990; 84: 283–287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soma Y., Takehara K., Sato S., Ishibashi Y. Increase in plasma thrombomodulin in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 1444–1445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizutani H., Hayashi T., Nouchi N., Inachi S., Suzuki K., Shimizu M. Increased endothelialepidermal thrombomodulin expressionplasma thrombomodulin level in progressive systemic sclerosis. Ada Med. Okayama 1996; 50: 293–297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matucci-Cerinic M., Borsotti M., Barbieri R., Lombardi A. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in scleroderma. Clin. Rheumatol 1987; 6: 300–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matucci-Cerinic M., Jaffa A., Kahaleh B. Angiotensin converting enzyme: an in vivo, in vitro marker of endothelial injury. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1992; 120: 428–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson C. W, Beall L. D, Hunder G. G, Johnson C M., Newman W. Serum ELAM-1 is increased in vasculitis, scleroderma,systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol 1993; 20: 809–814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sfikakis P. P, Tesar J., Baraf H., Lipnick R., Klipple G., Tsokos G. C. Circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol 1993; 68: 88–92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oppenheimer-Marks N., Davis L. S, Tompkins Bogues D., Ramberg J., Lipsky P. E. Differential utilization of ICAM-1VCAM-1 during the adhesiontransendothelial migration of human T lymphocytes. J. Immunol 1991; 147: 2913–2921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton W. L., Nardo J. M. Vascular disease in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Ann. Intern. Med. 1970; 73: 317–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown G. E., O'Leary P. A. Skin capillaries in scleroderma. Arch. Intern. Med. 1925; 36: 73–88
   Google Scholar
• Maricq H. R, Leroy E. C, D'Angelo W. A, Medsger T. A., Jr, Rodnan G. P, Sharp G. C., Wolfe J. F. Diagnostic potential of in vivo capillary microscopy in sclerodermarelated disorders. Arthritis Rheum 1980; 23: 183–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi W., Core P., Carlino G., Blasetti P., Cervini M. Labial capillary microscopy in systemic sclerosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1993; 52: 564–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmajer R., Perlish J. S, Shaw K. V., Pirozzi D. J. Skin capillary changes in early systemic scleroderma. Electron microscopy “in vitro” autoradiography with tritiated thymidine. Arch. Dermatol 1976; 112: 1553–1557
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleischmajer R., Perlish J. S. Capillary alterations in scleroderma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 1980; 2: 161–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freemont A. J, Hoyland J., Fielding P., Hodson N., Jayson M. I.V. Studies of the microvascular endothelium in uninvolved skin of patients with systemic sclerosis: direct evidence for a generalized microangiopathy. Br. J. Dermatol 1992; 126: 561–568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmajer R., Perlish J. S. [3H] thymidine labeling of dermal endothelial cells in scleroderma. J. Invest. Dermatol 1977; 69: 379–382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodnan G. P, Myerowitz R. L., Justh G. O. Morphologic changes in the digital arteries of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)Raynaud phenomenon. Medicine 1980; 59: 393–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssef P., Englert H., Bertouch J. Large vessel occlusive disease associated with CREST syndromescleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis 1993; 52: 464–466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey J. P., LeRoy E. C. Human cytomegalovirusthe vasculopathies of autoimmune diseases (especially scleroderma), allograft rejection,coronary restenosis. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 10–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon P. J, Hassar M., Case D. B, Casarella W. J, Sommers S. C., LeRoy E. C. The relationship of hypertensionrenal failure in scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis) to structuralfunctional abnormalities of the renal cortical circulation. Medicine 1974; 53: 1–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz S. M., Murry C. E. Proliferationthe monoclonal origins of atherosclerotic lesions. Ann. Rev. Med. 1998; 49: 437–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sgonc R., Gruschwitz M. S, Dietrich H., Recheis H., Gershwin M. E., Wick G. Endothelial cell apoptosis is a primary pathogenetic event underlying skin lesions in avianhuman scleroderma. J. Clin. Invest 1996; 98: 785–792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahaleh B., Matucci-Cerinic M. Raynaud's phenomenonscleroderma. Dysregulated neuroendothelial control of vascular tone. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 1–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vane J. R, Ånggård E. E., Botting R. M. Regulatory functions of the vascular endothelium. N. Engl. J. Med 1990; 323: 27–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa K., Ihara M., Noguchi K., Mase T., Mino N., Saeki T., Fukuroda T., Fukami T., Ozaki S., Nagase T., Nishiribe M., Yano M. Biochemicalpharmacological profile of a potentselective en-dothelin B-receptor antagonist BQ-788. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994; 91: 4892–4896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue A., Yanagisawa M., Kimura S., Kasuya Y., Masaki T. The human endothelin family: three structurallypharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 2863–2867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahaleh M. B. Endothelin, an endothelial-dependent vasoconstrictor in scleroderma. Enhanced productionprofibrotic action. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 978–983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamane K., Miyauchi T., Suzuki N., Yuhara T., Akama T., Suzuki H., Kashiwagi H. Significance of plasma endothelin-1 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis. J. Rheumatol 1992; 19: 1566–1571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabata H., Yamakage A., Yamazaki S. Cutaneous localization of endothelin-1 in patients with systemic sclerosis: immunoelectron microscopic study. Int. J. Dermatol 1997; 36: 272–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich H., Burd P. R, Rottem M., Hultner L., Hylton J. B, Garfield M., Coligan J. E, Metcalfe D. D., Fauci A. S. Endothelins belong to the assortment of mast cell-derivedmast cell-bound cytokines. New Biol 1992; 4: 147–156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bush P. A, Gonzalez N. E, Griscavage J. M., Ignarro L. J. Nitric oxide synthase from cerebellum catalyzes the formation of equimolar quantities of nitric oxidecitrulline from L-arginine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 1992; 185: 960–966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncada S., Palmer R. M.J, Higgs E. A. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology,pharmacology. Pharmacol. Rev. 1991; 43: 109–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilian W. M, Kuo L., DeFily D. V, Jones C. J., Davis M. J. Endothelial regulation of coronary microvascular tone under physiologicalpathophysiological conditions. Eur. Heart. J. 1993; 14: 55–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matucci-Cerinic M., Pietrini U., Marabini S. Local venomotor response to intravenous infusion of substance Pglyceryl trinitrate in systemic sclerosis. Clin. Exp. Rheum 1990; 8: 561–565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedarida G. V, Kim D., Blaschke T. F., Hoffman B. B. Venodilation in Raynaud's disease. Lancet 1993; 342: 1451–1454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita M., Fan P., Santoro T., Kahaleh B. Impaired response to mechanical fluid shear stress (MFSS) by scleroderma (SSc) microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) from involveduninvolved skin. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: S297
   Google Scholar
• Cendan J. C, Moldawer L. L, Souba W. W, Copeland E. M., Lind D. S. Endotoxin-induced nitric oxide production in pulmonary artery endothelial cells is regulated by cytokines. Arch. Surg 1994; 129: 1296–3000
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liew F. Y. Interactions between cytokinesnitric oxide. Neuroimmuno 1995; 5: 201–209
   Google Scholar
• LeRoy E. C, Smith E. A, Kahaleh M. B, Trojanowska M., Silver R. M. A strategy for determining the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Is transforming growth factor beta the answer?. Arthritis Rheum 1989; 32: 817–825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanno K., Hirata Y., Imai T., Iwashina M., Marumo F. Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by interleukin-1 beta in rat vascular endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol 1994; 267: H2318–2324
   Google Scholar
• Sobey C. G, Dusting G. J, Stewart A., Woodman O. L. Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes cause endothelium-dependent contraction of rabbit aorta. J. Vase. Med. Biol 1990; 2: 107–115
   Google Scholar
• Radomski M. W, Palmer R. M.J, Moncada S. The anti-aggregating properties of vascular endothelium: interactions between prostacyclinnitric oxide. Br. J. Pharmacol 1987; 92: 639–646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubanyi G. M, Ho E. H, Cantor E. H, Lumma W. C., Parker Botehlo L. H. Cytoprotective function of nitric oxide: inactivation of superoxide radicals produced by human leucocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 1992; 191: 1392–1397
   Google Scholar
• Bath P. M.W., MacGregor G. A. Spontaneous nitric oxide donors inhibit monocyte chemotaxisincreased intracellular cGMP concentrations. J. Vase. Res. 1992; 29: 81–82
   Google Scholar
• Moilanen E., Vuorinen P., Kankaanranta H., Metsa-Ketela T., Vapaatalo H. NO donors inhibit human neutrophil activation in vitro. J. Vase. Res. 1992; 29: 170
   Google Scholar
• De Caterina R., Libby P., Peng H. B, Thannickal V. J, Rajavashisth T. B, Gimbrone M. A., Jr., Shin W. S., Liao J. K. Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation. Nitric oxide selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion moleculesproinflammatory cytokines. J. Clin. Invest 1995; 96: 60–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu X., Smith C. W., Kubes P. Intracellular oxidative stress induced by nitric oxide synthesis inhibition increases endothelial cell adhesion to neutrophils. Circ. Res. 1994; 74: 1133–1140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg U. C., Hassid A. Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesisproliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest 1989; 83: 1774–1777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clowes A. W, Reidy M. A., Clowes M. M. Kinetics of cellular proliferation after arterial. injury. I. Smooth muscle growth in absence of endothelium. Lab. Invest 1983; 49: 327–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett M. L, Willis A. L., Vane J. R. Inhibition of platelet-derived mitogen release by nitric oxide (EDRF). Agents Actions 1989; 27: 488–491
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kahaleh M. B., Fan P. S. Mechanism of serum-mediated endothelial injury in scleroderma: i.dentification of granular enzyme in scleroderma skinsera. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol 1997; 83: 32–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nietert P. J, Sutherland S. E, Silver R. M, Pandey J. P, Knapp R. G, Hoel D. G., Dosemeci M. Is occupational organic solvent exposure a risk factor for scleroderma?. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 1111–1118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munger J. S, Huang X., Kawakatsu H., Griffiths M. J.D., Dalton S. L, Wu J., Pittet J. F, Kaminski N., Garat C, Matthay M. A, Rifkin D. B., Sheppard D. The integrin avβ6 bindsactivates latent TGF/31, a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammationfibrosis. Cell 1999; 96: 319–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeRoy E. C. Clinical commentsa pathophysiological discussion of scleroderma. J. Dermatol 1992; 19: 509–523
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsukazaki T., Chiang T. A, Davison A. F, Attisano L., Wrana J. L. SARA, a FYVE domain protein that recruits Smad2 to the TGFβ receptor. Cell 1998; 95: 779–791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs I. B, Sowemimo-Coker S. O, Kirby J. D.T., Turner P. Altered behavior of erythrocytes in scleroderma. Clin. Sci. 1983; 65: 515–519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahaleh M. B, Osborn I., LeRoy E. C. Elevated levels of circulating platelet aggregatesbeta-thromboglobulin in scleroderma. Ann. Intern. Med. 1982; 96: 610–613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau C. S, McLaren M., Saniabadi A., Belch J. J.F. Increased whole blood platelet aggregation in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon with or without systemic sclerosis. Scand. J. Rheumatol 1993; 22: 97–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahaleh M. B, Scharstein K. K., LeRoy E. C. Enhanced platelet adhesion to collagen in scleroderma. Effect of scleroderma plasmascleroderma platelets. J. Rheumatol 1985; 12: 468–471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massberg S., Enders G., Leiderer R., Eisenmenger S., Vestweber D., Krombach F., Messmer K. Platelet-endothelial cell interactions during ischemia/reperfusion: the role of P-selectin. Blood 1998; 92: 507–515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalia R., Murohara T., Delyani J. A, Nossuli T. O., Lefer A. M. Myocardial protection by N,N,N-trimethyl-sphingosine in ischemia reperfusion injury is mediated by inhibition of P-selectin. J. Leuko Biol 1996; 59: 317–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falanga V., Alstadt S. P. Effect of a platelet release fraction on glycosaminoglycan synthesis by cultured dermal fibroblasts from patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Br. J. Dermatol 1988; 118: 339–345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett V. L, Conn D. L, Fuster V., Osmundson P. J, Strong C. G, Chao E. Y.S., Chesebro J. H., O'Fallon W. M. Trial of platelet-inhibiting drug in scleroderma. Double-blind study with dipyridamoleaspirin. Arthritis Rheum 1984; 27: 1137–1143
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shen G. X. Vascular cell-derived fibrinolytic regulatorsatherothrombotic vascular disorders. J. Mol. Med. 1998; 1: 399–408
   Google Scholar
• Gratwick G. M, Klein R., Sergent J. S., Christian C. L. Fibrinogen turnover in progressive systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1978; 21: 343–347
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothschild B., Thompson L. D, Chesney M., Pifer D. Perturbation of fibrinolysis inhibitors in progressive systemic sclerosis. Med. Hypotheses 1985; 16: 253–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau C. S, McLaren M., Mackay I., Belch J. J.F. Baseline plasma fibrinolysisits correlation with clinical manifestations in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1993; 52: 443–448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrett P. E.M., Morland M., Browse N. L. Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon by fibrinolytic enhancement. Br. Med. J. 1978; 2: 523–525
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Björkerud S., Björkerud B. Apoptosis is abundant in human atherosclerotic lesions, especially in inflammatory cells (macrophagesT cells),may contribute to the accumulation of gruelplaque instability. Am. J. Pathol 1996; 149: 367–380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurence J., Mitra D., Steiner M., Staiano-Coico L., Jaffe E. Plasma from patients with idiopathichuman immunodeficiency virus-associated thrombotic thrombcytopenic purpura induces apoptosis in microvascular endothelial cells. Blood 1996; 87: 3245–3254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo S., Kondo Y., Yin D., Barnett G. H, Kaakaji R., Peterson J. W, Morimura T., Kubo H., Takeucki J., Barna B. P. Involvement of interleukin-1 β-converting enzyme in. apoptosis of bFGF-deprived murine aortic endothelial cells. FASEB 1996; 10: 1192–1197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa M., Fujimoto M., Kikuchi K., Takehara K. Elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-α levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: association with pulmonary fibrosis. J. Rheumatol 1997; 24: 663–665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shresta S., Pham C. T.N., Thomas D. A, Graubert T. A., Ley T. J. How do cytotoxic lymphocytes kill their targets. Curr. Opin. Immunol 1998; 10: 581–587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarin A., Haddad E. K., Henkart P. A. Caspase dependence of target cell damage induced by cytotoxic lymphocytes. J. Immunol 1998; 161: 2810–2816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldman W. J, Knight D. A., Adams P. W. Cytolytic activity against allogeneic human endothelia: resistance of cytomegalovirus-infected cellsvirally activated lysis of uninfected cells. Transplantation 1998; 66: 67–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shichiri M., Marumo F., Hirata Y. Endothelin-B receptor-mediated suppression of endothelial apoptosis. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol 1998; 31(Suppl 1)S138–41
   Google Scholar
• Lefer A. M. Mechanisms of the protective effects of transforming growth factor-β in reperfusion injury. Biochem. Pharmacol 1991; 42: 1323–1327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spyridopoulos I., Sullivan A. B, Kearney M., Isner J. M., Losordo D. W. Estrogen-receptor-mediated inhibition of human endothelial cell apoptosis: estradiol as a survival factor. Circulation 1997; 95: 1505–1514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spyridopoulos I., Brogi E., Kearney M., Sullivan A. B, Cetrulo C, Isner J. M., Losordo D. W. Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha: balance between growthdeath signals. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol 1997; 5: 1321–1330
   Google Scholar
• DeMeester S. L, Qiu Y., Buchman T. G, Hotchkiss R. S, Dunnigan K., Karl I. E., Cobb J. P. Nitric oxide inhibits stress-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. Crit. Care Med. 1998; 9: 1500–1509
   Google Scholar
• Albert M. L, Pearce F. A, Francisco L. M, Sauter B., Roy P., Silverstein R. L., Bhardwaj N. Immature dentritic cells phagocytose apoptotic cells via αyβ5CD36,cross-present antigens T to cytotoxic lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1998; 188: 1359–1368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greeno E. W, Bach R. R., Moldow C. F. Apoptosis is associated with increased cell surface tissue factor procoa-gulant activity. Lab. Invest 1996; 75: 281–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji S., Kaji K., Nagasawa S. Activation of the alternative pathway of human complement by apoptotic human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J. Biochem 1994; 116: 794–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drenk F., Dreicher H. R.G. Pathophysiological effects of endothelial cytotoxic activity derived from sera of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. J. Rheumatol 1988; 15: 468–474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahaleh M. B, Fan P., Tsutomu O. γδ receptor bearing T cells in scleroderma: enhanced interaction with vascular endothelial cell. in vitro. Clin. Immunol 1999; 91: 188–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salojin K. V, Le Tonqueze M., Saraux A., Nassonov E. L, Dueymes M., Piette J. C., Youinoti P. Y. Antiendothelial cell antibodies: useful markers of systemic sclerosis. Am. J. Med. 1997; 102: 178–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negi V. S, Tripathy N. K, Misra R., Nityanand S. S. Antiendothelial cell antibodies in scleroderma correlate with severe digital ischemiapulmonary arterial hypertension. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 462–466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignone A., Scaletti C, Matucci-Cerinic M., Vasquez-Abad D., Meroni P. L, Del Papa N., Falcini F., Generini S., Rothfield N., Cagnoni M. Antiendothelial cell antibodies in systemic sclerosis: significant association with vascular involvementalveolo-capillary impairment. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol 1998; 16: 527–532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho D., Savage C. O.S., Black C. M.J, Pearson J. D. IgG antiendothelial cell autoantibodies from scleroderma patients induce leukocyte adhesion to human vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Induction of adhesion molecule expressioninvolvement of endothelium-derived cytokines. J. Clin. Invest 1996; 97: 111–119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordron A., Dueymes M., Levy Y., Jamin C, Leroy J. P, Piette J. C, Shoenfeld Y., Youinou P. Y. The binding of some human antiendothelial cell antibodies induces endothelial cell apoptosis. J. Clin. Invest 1998; 101: 2029–2035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill M. B, Phipps J. L, Cartwright R. J, Milford Ward A., Greaves M., Hughes P. Antibodies to membranes of endothelial cellsfibroblasts in scileroderma. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1996; 106: 491–497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller B. E., Levy J. H. The inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass. J. Cardiothorac. Vase. Anesth 1997; 11: 355–366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banda M. A, Lefer D. J., Granger D. N. Postischemic endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity is preserved in adhesion molecule-deficient mice. Am. J. Physiol 1997; 273: H2721–2725
   Google Scholar
• Connolly E. S., Jr, Winfree C. J, Springer T. A., Naka Y., Liao H., Yan S. D, Stern D. M, Soloman R. A, Gutierrez-Ramos J. C., Pinksy D. J. Cerebral protection in homozygous null ICAM-1 mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Role of neutrophil adhesion in the pathogenesis of stroke. J. Clin. Invest 1996; 97: 209–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternbergh W. C, Tuttle T. M, Makhoul R. G, Bear H. D, Sobel M., Fowler A. A. Postischemic extremities exhibit immediate release of tumor necrosis factor. J. Vase. Surg 1994; 20: 474–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofman F. M, Chen P., Jeyaseelan R., Incardona F., Fisher M., Zidovetzki R. Endothelin-1 induces production of the neutrophil chemotactic factor inter-leukin-8 by human brain-derived endothelial cells. Blood 1998; 92: 3064–3072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller M. W. Arteriolar constriction in skeletal muscle during vascular stunning: role of mast cells. Am. J. Physiol 1997; 272: H2154–2163
   Google Scholar
• Fullerton D. A, Eisenach J. H, Friese R. S, Agrafojo J., Sheridan B. C., McLntyre R. C., Jr. Impairment of endothelial-dependent pulmonary vasorelaxation after mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion. Surgery 1996; 120: 879–884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox-Robichaud A., Payne D., Hasan S. U, Ostrovsky L., Fairhead T., Reinhardt P., Kubes P. Inhaled NO as a viable antiadhesive therapy for ischemia/reperfusion injury of distal microvascular beds. J. Clin. Invest 1998; 101: 2497–2505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann T. G, Koeppel T. A, Kirschfink M., Gebhard M. M, Herfarth C, aOtto G., Post S. Complement inhibition by soluble complement receptor type 1 improves microcirculation after rat liver transplantation. Transplantion 1998; 66: 717–722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collard C D., Agah A., Stahl G. L. Complement activation following reoxygenation of hypoxic human endothelial cells: role of intracellular reactive oxygen species, NF-k Bnew protein synthesis. Immunophar-macology 1998; 39: 39–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny D., Coughlan M. G, Pagel P. S, Kampine J. P., Warltier D. C. Transforming growth factor β 1 preserves endothelial function after multiple brief coronary artery occlusionsreperfusion. Am. Heart J. 1994; 127: 1456–1461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrielli A., Di Loreto C, Taborro R., Candela M., Sambo P., Nitti C, Danieli M. G, DeLustro F., Dasch J. R., Danieli G. Immunohistochemical localization of intracellularextracellular associated TGF-β in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol 1993; 68: 340–349
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takehara K., LeRoy E. C., Grotendorst G. R. TGF-β inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation: alteration of EGF bindingEGF-induced growth regulatory (competence) gene expression. Cell 1987; 49: 415–422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl U., Holtz J., Busse R., Bassenge E. Crucial role of endothelium in the vasodilator response to increased flo. in vivo. Hypertension 1986; 8: 37–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malek A., Green A. L., Izumo S. Regulation of endothelin 1 gene by fluid shear stress is transcriptionally mediatedindependent of protein kinase CcAMP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 5999–6003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishida T., Takahashi M., Corson M. A., Berk B. C. Fluid shear stress-mediated signal transduction: how do endothelial cells transduce mechanical force into biological responses. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1997; 811: 12–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh H. J, Li N. Q., Frangos J. A. Pulsatilesteady flow induces c-fos expression in human endothelial cells. J. Cell Physiol 1993; 154: 143–151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh H. J, Li N. Q., Frangos J. A. Shear-induced platelet-derived growth factor gene expression in human endothelial cells is mediated by protein kinase C. J. Cell Physiol 1992; 150: 552–558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond S. L, Sharefkin J. B, Dieffenbach C, Frasier-Scott K., McLntire L. B., Eskin S. G. Tissue plasminogen activator messenger RNA levels increase in. cultured human endothelial cells exposed to laminar shear stress. J. Cell Physiol 1990; 143: 364–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malek A. M, Gibbsons G. H, Dzau V. J., Izumo S. Fluid shear stress differentially modulates expression of genes encoding basic fibroblast growth factorplatelet-derived growth factor B chain in vascular endothelium. J. Clin. Invest 1993; 92: 2013–2021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel T., Resnick N., Atkinson W. J, Dewey C. F., Jr., Gimbrone M. A., Jr. Shear stress selectively upregulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in cultured human vascular endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest 1994; 94: 885–891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuchan M. J., Frangos J. A. Shear stress regulates endothelin-1 release via protein kinase CcGMP in cultured endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol 1993; 264: H150–H156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malek A. M, Jackman R., Rosenberg R. D., Izumo S. Endothelial expression of thrombomodulin is reversibly regulated by fluid shear stress. Circ. Res. 1994; 74: 852–860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ando J., Tsuboi H., Korenaga R., Takada Y., Toyama-Sorimachi N., Miyasaka M., Kamiya A. Shear stress inhibits adhesion of cultured mouse endothelial cells to lymphocytes by downregulating VCAM-1 expression. Am. J. Physiol 1994; 67: C679–687
   Google Scholar
• Resnick N., Collins T., Atkinson W., Bonthron D. T, Dewey C. F., Jr., Gimbrone M. A, Jr. Platelet-derived growth factor B chain promotor contains a cis-acting fluid shear-stress- responsive element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 4591–4595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick N., Gimbrone M. A., Jr. Hemodynamic forces are complex regulators of endothelial gene expression. FASEBJ 1995; 9: 874–882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asakura T., Karino T. Flow patternsspatial distribution of atherosclerotic lesions in human coronary arteries. Cir. Res. 1990; 66: 1045–1066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nerem R. M. Vascular fluid mechanics, the arterial wall,atherosclerosis. J. Biomech. Eng. 1992; 114: 274–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Angelo W. A, Fries J. F., Masi A. T. Pathologic observations in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). A study of fifty-eight autopsy casesfifty-eight matched controls. Am. J. Med. 1969; 46: 428–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar