References
- Mollick, J., Chintagumpala, M., Cook, R., Rich, R. Staphylococcal exotoxin activation of T cells. Role of exotoxin-MHC class II binding affinity and class II isotype. J. Immunol. 1991, 146 (2), 463–468.
- Choi, Y., Kotzin, B., Hernon, L., Callahan, J., Marrack, P., Kappler, J. Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus toxin “superantigens” with human T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989, 86 (22), 8941–8945.
- Scholl, P., Diez, A., Mourad, W., Parsonnet, J., Geha, R., Chatila, T. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 binds to major histocompatibility complex class II molecule. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989, 86 (11), 4210–4214.
- Baker, M., Acharya, K. Superantigens: Structure, function, and diversity. In: Superantigens Protocols; Krakauer, T., Ed. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press 2003; 1–31.
- Miethke, T., Wahl, C., Heeg, K., Echtenacher, B., Krammer, P., Wagner, H.. T cell mediated lethal shock triggered in mice by staphylococcal superantigen SEB: Critical role of TNF. J. Exp. Med. 1992, 175 (1), 91–98.
- Krakauer, T. Immune response to staphylococcal superantigens. Immunol Res. 1999, 20 (2), 163–173.
- Krakauer, T., Vileck, J., Oppenheim, J. TNF family cytokines, chemokines and other pro- or inflammatory cytokines. In: Fundamental Immunology; Paul, W., Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1999; 783–811.
- McCormick, J., Yarwood, J., Schlievert, P. Toxic shock syndrome and bacterial superantigens: An update. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2001, 55, 77–104.
- Alouf, J., Müller-Alouf, H. Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens: Molecular, biological and clinical aspects. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2003, 292(7–8), 429–440.
- Huang, W., Lin, M., Won, S. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A-induced fever is associated with increased circulating levels of cytokines in rabbits. Infect. Immun. 1997, 65 (7), 2656–2662.
- Gupta, K., Kaushal, S., Chopra, S. Tigecycline: A novel glycine antibiotic. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2006, 38 (3), 217–219.
- Pankey, G. Tigecycline. J Antimicrob. Chemother. 2005, 56 (3), 470–480.
- Vouillamoz, J., Moreillon, P., Giddey, M., Entenza, J. In vitro activities of tigecycline combined with other antimicrobials against multiresistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2008, 61 (2), 371–374.
- Petersen, P., Jacobus, N., Weiss, W., Sum, P., Testa, R. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of a novel glycyline, the 9-t- butylglycylamido derivate of minocycline (GAR-936). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999, 43 (4), 738–744.
- Goldstein, E., Citron, D., Merriam, C., Warren, Y., Tyrrell, K., Fernandez, H. Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents. Antmicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006, 50 (11), 3507–3513.
- Tygacil prescribing information. Philadelphia: Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc.; 2005.
- Babinchak, T., Ellis-Grosse, E., Dartois, N., Rose, G., Loh, E. Tigecycline 301 Study Group; Tigecycline 306 Study Group. The efficacy and safety of tigecycline for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections: Analysis of pooled trial data. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005, 41 Suppl 5, 354–367.
- Ellis-Grosse, E., Babainchal, T., Dartois, N. The efficacy and safety of tigecycline for treatment of skin and skin structure infections: Results of 2 double-blind phase 3 comparison studies with vancomycin-aztreonam. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005, 41 Suppl 5, 351–353.
- Zamoyska, R. Superantigens: Supersignalers? Sci. STKE. 2006, 2006 (358), pe45.
- White, J., Herman, A., Pullen, A., Kubo, R., Kappler, J., Marrack, P. The V beta-specific superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: Stimulation of mature T cells and clonal deletion in neonatal mice. Cell.1989, 56 (1), 27–35.
- Marrack, P., Kappler, J. The staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives. Science. 1990, 248 (4956), 705–711.
- English, B., Maryniw, E., Talati, A., Meals, E. Diminished macrophage inflammatory response to staphylococcus aureus isolates exposed to daptomycin versus vancomycin or oxacillin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006, 50 (6), 2225–2227.
- Schlievert, P. Role of superantigens in human diseases. J. Infect. Dis. 1993, 167 (5), 997–1002.
- Stevens, D. The toxic shock syndromes. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 1996, 10 (4), 727–746.
- Krakauer, T., Vileck, J., Oppenheim, J. Proinflammatory cytokines. In: Fundamental Immunology; Paul, W., Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven,1999; 619–783.
- Krakauer, T. Inhibition of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 induced cytokine production and T-cell activation by interleukin-10, interleukin-4 and dexamethasone. J. Infect. Dis. 1995, 172 (4), 988–992.
- Tschaikowsky, K., Schmidt, J., Meisner, M. Modulation of mouse endotoxin shock by inhibition of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C. J. Pharamcol. Exp. Ther. 1998, 285 (2), 800–804.
- Christman, J., Holden, E., Blackwell, T. Strategies for blocking the systemic effects of cytokines in the sepsis syndrome. Crit. Care Med. 1995, 23 (5), 955–963.
- Khan, A., Slifer, T., Araujo, F., Remington, J. Effect of clarithromycin and azithromycin on production of cytokines by human monocytes. Int. J. Antmicrob. Agents 1999, 11 (2), 121–132.
- Golub, L., Ramamurthy, N., McNamara, T. Tetracyclines inhibit connective tissue breakdown: New therapeutic implications for an old family of drugs. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 1991, 2, 297–322.
- Krakauer, T., Buckley, M. Doxycycline is anti-inflammatory and inhibits staphylococcal exotoxin-induced cytokines and chemokines. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2003, 47 (11), 3630–3633.
- Traunmüller, F., Thallinger, C., Hausdorfer, J., Lambers, C., Tzaneva, S., Kampitsch, T., Endler, G., Joukhadar, C. Tigecycline has no effect on cytokine release in an ex vivo endotoxin model of human whole blood. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2009 (In Press)
- Salvatore, C., Techasaensiri, C., Tagliabue, C., Katz, K., Leos, N., Gomez, A., McCracken, G., Hardy, R. Tigecycline therapy significantly reduces inflammatory pulmonary cytokines and chemokines in a murine model of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009 (In Press)
- Gladue, R., Snider, M. Intracellular accumulation of azithromycin by cultured human fibroblasts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1990, 34 (10), 1056–1060.
- Mtairag, E., Abdelghaffar, H., Labro, M. Investigation of dirithromycin and erythromycylamine uptake by human neutrophils in vitro. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1994, 33 (3), 523–536.
- Ong, C., Babalola, C., Nightingale, C., Nicolau D. Penetration, efflux and intracellular activity of tigecycline in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2005, 56 (3), 498–501.
- Bradford, P., Weaver-Sands, D., Petersen, P. In vivo activity of tigecycline against isolates from patients in phase 3 clinical trials of treatment for complicated intra-abdominal infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005, 41 Suppl 5, 315–332.
- Rodvold, K., Gotfried, M., Cwik, M., Korth-Bradley, J., Dukart, G., Ellis-Grosse, E. Serum, tissue, and body fluid concentrations of tigecycline after a single 100 mg dose. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2006, 58 (6), 1221–1229.
- Ingham, E., Turnbull, L., Kearney, J. The effects of minocycline and tetracycline on the mitotic response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1991, 27 (5), 607–617.
- Riesbeck, K., Bredberg, A., Forsgren, A. Ciprofloxacin does not inhibit mitochondrial functions but other antibiotics do. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1990, 34 (1), 167–169.
- Guilarde, A., Turchi, M., Martelli, C., Primo, M. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: Incidence, risk factors and predictors for death in a Brazilian teaching hospital. J. Hosp. Infect. 2006, 63 (3), 330–336.