Chloroquine cardiomyopathy – a review of the literature

References

• Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Leroux G, Amoura Z, Piette JC. Hydroxychloroquine dans le traitement du lupus: Le renouveau. Rev Méd Interne 2008;29:735–737
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruiz-Irastorza G, Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, Khamashta MA. Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:20–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Zvi I, Kivity S, Langevitz P, Shoenfeld Y. Hydroxychloroquine: from malaria to autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012;42:145–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SJ, Silverman E, Bargman M. The role of antimalarial agents in the treatment of SLE and lupus nephritis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2011;7:718–729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson AA, Fitzhugh OG. Chloroquine (SN-7618): pathologic changes observed in rats which for two years had been fed various proportions. Arch Pathol 1948;45:454–462
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alving AS, Eichelberger L, Craige Jr B, et al. Studies on the chronic toxicity of chloroquine. J Clin Invest 1948;27:60–65
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambiaggi A. Unusual ocular lesions in a case of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Ophthalmol 1957;57:451–453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus LR. Peripheral neuropathy following chloroquine therapy. Can Med Assoc J 1963;89:917–920
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whisnant JP, Espinosa RE, Kierland RR, Lambert EH. Chloroquine neuromyopathy. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1963;38:501–513
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hughes JT, Esiri M, Oxbury JM, Whitty CW. Chloroquine myopathy. Q J Med 1971;40:85–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards AC, Meredith TJ, Sowton E. Complete heart block due to chronic chloroquine toxicity managed with permanent pacemaker. Br Med J 1978;1:1109–1110
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tett SE. Clinical pharmacokinetics of slow-acting antirheumatic drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993;25:392–407
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ducharme J, Farinotti R. Clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of chloroquine – focus on recent advancements. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996;31:257–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin M, Zvaifler N, Bernstein H, Mansour A. Chloroquine toxicity. Proc. 2nd Int. Pharm. Meeting, Prague, 1963. Vol. 4: Drugs and enzymes, pp. 467--487. Oxford/Prague, 1965
   Google Scholar
• Halliwell WH. Cationic amphiphilic drug-induced phospholipidosis. Toxicol Pathol 1997;25:53–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald RD, Engel AG. Experimental chloroquine myopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1970;29:479–499
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klinghardt GW. Experimentelle Schädigungen von Nervensystem und Muskulatur durch Chlorochin: Modelle verschiedenartiger Speicherdystrophien. Acta Neuropathol 1974;28:117–141
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gérard JM, Stoupel N, Collier A, Flament-Durand J. Morphologic study of a neuromyopathy caused by prolonged chloroquine treatment. Eur Neurol 1973;9:363–379
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rewcastle NB, Humphrey JG. Vacuolar myopathy: clinical, histochemical, and microscopic study. Arch Neurol 1965;12:570–582
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marmor MF, Carr RE, Easterbrook M, et al. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology). Ophthalmology 2002;109:1377–1382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tegnér R, Tomé FMS, Godeau P, et al. Morphological study of peripheral nerve changes induced by chloroquine treatment. Acta Neuropathol 1988;75:253–260
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang C, Fortin PR, Li Y, et al. Discontinuation of antimalarial drugs in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1999;26:808–815
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Casado E, Gratacós J, Tolosa C, et al. Antimalarial myopathy: an underdiagnosed complication? Prospective longitudinal study of 119 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:385–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estes ML, Ewing-Wilson D, Chou SM, et al. Chloroquine neuromyotoxicity – clinical and pathologic perspective. Am J Med 1987;82:447–455
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Avina-Zubieta JA, Johnson ES, Suarez-Almazor ME, Russell AS. Incidence of myopathy in patients treated with antimalarials. A report of three cases and a review of the literature. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34:166–170
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein M, Bell MJ, Ang LC. Hydroxychloroquine neuromyotoxicity. J Rheumatol 2000;27:2927–2931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens MA, Yeaney GA, Lacomis D. 42-year-old man with discoid lupus and progressive weakness. Brain Pathol 2009;19:153–156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magnussen I, De Fine Olivarius B. Cardiomyopathy after chloroquine treatment. Acta Med Scand 1977;202:429–431
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cervera A, Espinosa G, Cervera R, et al. Cardiac toxicity secondary to long term treatment with chloroquine (letter to the editor). Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motan J, Topinka I, Dura J, Kvapilova H. Chlorochinova kardiodystrofie. Vnitr Lek 1978;24:1122–1128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godeau P, Guillevin L, Fechner J, et al. Les troubles de conduction au cours du lupus érythémateux: fréquence et incidence dans une population de 112 patients. Ann Méd Interne 1981;132:234–240
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ratliff NB, Estes ML, Myles JL, et al. Diagnosis of chloroquine cardiomyopathy by endomyocardial biopsy. N Engl J Med 1987;316:191–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister Jr HA, Ferrans VJ, Hall RJ, et al. Chloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1987;111:953–956
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verny C, de Gennes C, Sébastien P, et al. Troubles de la conduction cardiaque au cours d'un traitement prolongé par chloroquine – deux nouvelles observations. Presse Méd 1992;21:800–804
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iglesias Cubero G, Rodriguez Reguero JJ, Rojo Ortega JM. Restrictive cardiomyopathy caused by chloroquine. Br Heart J 1993;69:451–452
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• August C, Holzhausen HJ, Schmoldt A, et al. Histological and ultrastructural findings in chloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy. J Mol Med 1995;73:73–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veinot JP, Mai KT, Zarychanski R. Chloroquine related cardiac toxicity. J Rheumatol 1998;25:1221–1225
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baguet JP, Tremel F, Fabre M. Chloroquine cardiomyopathy with conduction disorders. Heart 1999;81:221–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira RA, Martinelli Filho M, Benvenuti LA, et al. Cardiac damage from chronic use of chloroquine: a case report and review of the literature. Arq Bras Cardiol 2002;79:85–88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roos JM, Aubry MC, Edwards WD. Chloroquine cardiotoxicity: clinicopathologic features in three patients and comparison with three patients with Fabry disease. Cardiovasc Pathol 2002;11:277–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlier P, Cochand-Priollet B, Polivka M, et al. Cardiomyopathie à la chloroquine révélée par un bloc auriculo-ventriculaire complet. Arch Mal Cœur Vaiss 2002;95:833–837
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freihage JH, Patel NC, Jacobs WR, et al. Heart transplantation in a patient with chloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004;23:252–255
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nord JE, Shah PK, Rinaldi RZ, Weisman MH. Hydroxychloroquine cardiotoxicity in systemic lupus erythematosus: a report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2004;33:336–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naqvi TZ, Luthringer D, Marchevsky A, et al. Chloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy – echocardiographic features. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:384–388
   Google Scholar
• Keating RJ, Bhatia S, Amin S, et al. Hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiotoxicity in a 39-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and systolic dysfunction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:981.e1–5
   Google Scholar
• Reffelmann T, Naami A, Spuentrup E, Kühl HP. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of a patient with chloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy confirmed by endomyocardial biopsy. Circulation 2006;114:357–358
   Google Scholar
• Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Hulot JS, Amoura Z, et al. Cardiomyopathy related to antimalarial therapy with illustrative case report. Cardiology 2007;107:73–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotroneo J, Sleik KM, Rene Rodriguez E, Klein AL. Hydroxychloroquine-induced restrictive cardiomyopathy. Eur J Echocardiogr 2007;8:247–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández Jiménez V, Saavedra Falero J, Navas R. Miocardiopatia restrictiva reversible secundaria a cloroquina (Cartas al editor). Med Clin (Barc) 2007;129:157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soong TR, Barouch LA, Champion HC, et al. New clinical and ultrastructural findings in hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy – a report of 2 cases. Hum Pathol 2007;38:1858–1863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manohar VA, Moder KG, Edwards WD, Klarich KW. Restrictive cardiomyopathy secondary to hydroxychloroquine therapy. J Rheumatol 2009;36:440–441
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saussine A, Loriot M-A, Picard C, et al. Cardiotoxicité après un traitement au long cours par chloroquine chez deux patientes lupiques. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2009;136:530–535
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fragasso G, Sanvito F, Baratto F, et al. Cardiotoxicity after low-dose chloroquine antimalarial therapy. Heart Vessels 2009;24:385–387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Chung WB, Kang JH, et al. A case of chloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy that presented as sick sinus syndrome. Korean Circ J 2010;40:604–608
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pieroni M, Smaldone C, Camporeale A, et al. Chloroquine-induced transition from dilated to restrictive cardiomyopathy (Images in Cardiology). J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:515
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muthukrishnan P, Roukoz H, Grafton G, et al. Hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy: a case report. Circ Heart Fail 2011;4:e7–e8
   Google Scholar
• Newton-Cheh C, Lin AE, Baggish AL, Wang H. A 47-year-old man with systemic lupus erythematosus and heart failure (Case 11–2011). N Engl J Med 2011;364:1450–1460
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hartmann M, Meek IL, van Houwelingen GK, et al. Acute left ventricular failure in a patient with hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy. Neth Heart J 2011;19:482–485
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tönnesmann E, Stroehmann I, Kandolf R, et al. Cardiomyopathy caused by longterm treatment with Chloroquine: a rare disease, or a rare diagnosis? (letter to the editor). J Rheumatol 2012;39:1099–1104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frustaci A, Morgante E, Antuzzi D, et al. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte lysosomal activity in hydroxychloroquine cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2012;157:117–119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbasi S, Tarter L, Farzaneh-Far R, Farzaneh-Far A. Hydroxychloroquine: a treatable cause of cardiomyopthy (Images in Cardiology). J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:786
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azimian M, Gultekin SH, Hata JL, et al. Fatal antimalarial-induced cardiomyopathy – report of 2 cases. J Clin Rheumatol 2012;18:363–366
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oli JM, Ihenacho HN, Talwar RS. Chronic chloroquine toxicity and heart block: a report of two cases. East Afr Med J 1980;57:505–507
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ladipo GO, Essien EE, Andy JJ. Complete heart block in chronic chloroquine poisoning. Int J Cardiol 1983;4:198–200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ihenacho HN, Magulike E. Chloroquine abuse and heart block in Africans. Aust NZ J Med 1989;19:17–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogola ES, Muita AK, Adala H. Chloroquine related complete heart block with blindness: case report. East Afr Med J 1992;69:50–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fellahi JL, Dumazer P, Delayance S, et al. Cardiomyopathie sous traitement par hydroxychloroquine révélée par un bloc auriculo-ventriculaire complet. Rev Méd Interne 1993;14:275–276
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guedira N, Hajjaj-Hassouni N, Srairi JE, et al. Third-degree atrioventricular block in a patient under chloroquine therapy. Rev Rhum (Engl. Ed.) 1998;65:58–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reuss-Borst M, Berner B, Wulf G, Müller GA. Complete heart block as a rare complication of treatment with chloroquine. J Rheumatol 1999;26:1394–1395
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duvic C, Pats B, Rouvier B. Bloc auriculoventriculaire complet après prise chronique de chloroquine (Lettres à la rédaction). Rev Méd Interne 2000;21:462–463
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El aichaoui S, Amine B, Saoud B, et al. Bloc auriculoventriculaire complet au cours d’un traitement par chloroquine. Rev Méd Interne 2007;28:134–136
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puymirat E, Douard H, Roudaut R. Bloc auriculo-ventriculaire complet après prise de chloroquine au long cours. Rev Méd Interne 2008;29:741–743
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Queyriaux B, Carlioz R, Perrier E, et al. Les effets cardiovasculaires liés à l’utilisation de la chloroquine. Ann Cardiol Angeiol 2001;50:285–292
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen CY, Wang FL, Lin CC. Chronic hydroxychloroquine use associated with QT prolongation and refractory ventricular arrhythmia (case report). Clin Toxicol (Phila.) 2006;44:173–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stas P, Faes D, Noyens P. Conduction disorder and QT prolongation secondary to long-term treatment with chloroquine (letter to the editor). Int J Cardiol 2008;127:e80–e82
   Google Scholar
• Sanghvi LM, Mathur BB. Electrocardiogram after chloroquine and emetine. Circulation 1965;32:281–289
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seferovic PM, Ristic AD, Maksimovic R, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disturbances in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology 2006;45:iv, 39–42
   Google Scholar
• Smith B, O’Grady F. Experimental chloroquine myopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1966;29:255–258
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jain D, Halushka MK. Cardiac pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Pathol 2009;62:584–592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voskuyl AE. The heart and cardiovascular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2006;45:iv, 4–7
   Google Scholar
• Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Hulot JS, et al. Low blood concentration of hydroxychloroquine is a marker for and predictor of disease exacerbations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:3284–3290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baccouche H, Mahrholdt H, Meinhardt G, et al. Diagnostic synergy of non-invasive cardiovascular magnetic resonance and invasive endomyocardial biopsy in troponin-positive patients without coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2869–2879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz A, Kindermann I, Kindermann M, et al. Comparative evaluation of left and right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy – differences in complication rate and diagnostic performance. Circulation 2010;122:900–909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boldrini R, Biselli R, Santorelli FM, Bosmann C. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: an ultrastructural, genetic, and clinical study report. Ultrastruct Pathol 2001;25:51–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolman CL, Chang E. Visceral lesions in amaurotic familial idiocy with curvilinear bodies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1972;94:425–430
   Google Scholar
• Neville HE, Maunder-Sewry CA, McDougall J, et al. Chloroquine-induced cytosomes with curvilinear profiles in muscle. Muscle Nerve 1979;2:376–381
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramsey MS, Fine BS. Chloroquine toxicity in the human eye: histopathologic observations by electron microscopy. Am J Ophthalmol 1972;73:229–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HS, Daniels BH, Salas E, et al. Clinical utility of LC3 and p62 immunohistochemistry in diagnosis of drug-induced autophagic vacuolar myopathies: a case-control study. PLoS One 2012;7:e36221
   Google Scholar
• Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TYY, et al. Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2011;118:415–422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Marmor MF. Rates and predictors of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res 2010;62:775–784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wozniacka A, Cygankiewicz I, Chudzik M, et al. The cardiac safety of chloroquine phosphate treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: the influence on arrhythmia, heart rate variability and repolarization parameters. Lupus 2006;15:521–525
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Hulot JS, Amoura Z, et al. Heart conduction disorders related to antimalarials toxicity: an analysis of electrocardiograms in 85 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine for connective tissue diseases. Rheumatology 2007;46:808–810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morand EF, McCloud PI, Littlejohn GO. Continuation of long term treatment with hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51:1318–1321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avina-Zubieta JA, Galindo-Rodriguez G, Newman S, et al. Long term effectiveness of antimalarial drugs in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57:582–587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jover JA, Leon L, Pato E, et al. Long-term use of antimalarial drugs in rheumatic diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2012;30:380–387
   Google Scholar
• Mastaglia FL, Papadimitriou JM, Dawkins RL, Beveridge B. Vacuolar myopathy associated with chloroquine, lupus erythematosus and thymoma. J Neurol Sci 1977;34:315–328
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdel-Hamid H, Oddis CV, Lacomis D. Severe hydroxychloroquine myopathy. Muscle Nerve 2008;38:1206–1210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinjo SK, Maia Júnior OO, Tizziani VAP, et al. Chloroquine-induced bull’s eye maculopathy in rheumatoid arthritis: related to disease duration? Clin Rheumatol 2007;26:1248–1253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelides M, Stover NB, Francis PJ, Weleber RG. Retinal toxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine. Arch Ophthalmol 2011;129:30–39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tang C, Godfrey T, Stawell R, Nikpour M. Hydroxychloroquine in lupus: emerging evidence supportive multiple beneficial effects. Intern Med J 2012;42:968–978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie AH. Dose refinements in long-term therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with antimalarials. Am J Med 1983;75:40–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar