REFERENCES
- Lineaweaver WC, Buncke HJ, Whitney TM, Factors associated with microvascular flap failure and direction for research. Plast Surg Forum. 1989;12: 252–253.
- Hallock GG. Is there a ‘‘learning curve’’ for muscle perforator flaps? Ann Plast Surg. 2008;60:146–149.
- De Santis G, Pinelli M. Microsurgical model of ischemia reperfusion in rat muscle: evidence of free radical formation by spin trapping. Microsurgery. 1994;15:655–659.
- Bui DT, Cordeiro PG, Hu QY, Free flap reexploration: indications, treatment, and outcomes in 1193 free flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(7):2092–2100.
- Moon JG, Lim HC, Gye MR, Postconditioning attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat skin flap. Microsurgery. 2008;28(7):531–537.
- Zhao ZQ, Corvera JS, Halkos ME, Inhibition of myocardial injury by ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion: ]comparison with ischemic preconditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003;285(2):H579–H588.
- Cleveland JC Jr, Meldrum DR, Rowland RT, Ischemic preconditioning of human myocardium: protein kinase C mediates a permissive role for alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Am J Physiol. 1997;273(2 Pt 2):H902–H908.
- Carroll CM, Carroll SM, Overgoor ML, Acute ischemic preconditioning of skeletal muscle prior to flap elevation augments muscle-flap survival. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100(1):58–65.
- Walker DM, Walker JM, Pugsley WB, Preconditioning in isolated superfused human muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1995;27(6):1349–1357.
- Moon JG, Lim HC, Gye MR, Postconditioning attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat skin flap. Microsurgery. 2008;28(7):531–537.
- Philipp S, Yang XM, Cui L, Postconditioning protects rabbit hearts through a protein kinase C-adenosine A2b receptor cascade. Cardiovasc Res. 2006;70(2):308–314.
- Kin H, Zhao ZQ, Sun HY, Postconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting events in the early minutes of reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res. 2004;62(1):74–85.
- Kin H, Zatta AJ, Lofye MT, Postconditioning reduces infarct size via adenosine receptor activation by endogenous adenosine. Cardiovasc Res. 2005;67(1):124–133.
- Mykytenko J, Reeves JG, Kin H, Persistent beneficial effect of postconditioning against infarct size: role of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels during reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol. 2008;103(5):472–484.
- Antonini A, Zacchigna S, Papa G, Improved survival of rat ischemic cutaneous and musculocutaneous flaps after VEGF gene transfer. Microsurgery. 2007;27:439–445.
- Zhang F, Brooks D, Chen W, Improvement of venous flap survival by application of vascular endothelial growth factor in a rat model. Ann Plast Surg. 2006;56:670–673.
- Kryger Z, Dogan T, Zhang F, Effects of VEGF administration following ischemia on survival of the gracilis muscle flap in the rat. Ann Plast Surg. 1999;43(2):172–178.
- Zhang F, Ho PR, Chin BT, Effect of vein grafting on the survival of microvascularly transplanted muscle flaps. Microsurgery. 1996;17(9):512–516.
- Mowlavi A, Ghavami A, Song YH, Limited use of cyclosporin A in skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ann Plast Surg. 2001;46(4):426–430.
- Bortolotto SK, Morrison WA, Han X, Mast cells play a pivotal role in ischaemia reperfusion injury to skeletal muscles. Lab Invest. 2004,84:1103–1111.
- Howard V, Reed MG. Unbiased Stereology: Three-Dimensional Measurement in Microscopy. Oxford, New York: Bios Scientific Publishers; Springer; 1998.
- Wang XT, Liu PY, Tang JB. PDGF gene therapy enhances expression of VEGF and bFGF genes and activates the NF-kappaB gene in signal pathways in ischemic flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(1): 129–137; discussion 138–139.
- Murry CE, Jennings RB, Reimer KA. Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation. 1986;74(5):1124–1136.
- Sadigh B, Shahgaldi K, Sylvén C, Preconditioning effects of adenosine in patients with severe coronary artery disease but preserved coronary flow reserve. Coron Artery Dis. 2009;20(5):354–359.
- Ungi I, Pálinkás A, Nemes A, Myocardial protection with enalaprilat in patients unresponsive to ischemic preconditioning during percutaneous coronary intervention. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;86(12):827–834.
- Ali ZA, Callaghan CJ, Lim E, Remote ischemic preconditioning reduces myocardial and renal injury after elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: a randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2007;116(11 Suppl):98–105.
- Blum B. Enhancement of visual responses of area 7 neurons by electrical pre-conditioning stimulation of LP-pulvinar nuclei of the monkey. Exp Brain Res. 1985;59(3):434–440.
- Ravingerova T, Matejikova J, Pancza D, Reduced susceptibility to ischemia-induced arrhythmias in the preconditioned rat heart is independent of PI3-kinase/Akt. Physiol Res. 2009;58(3):443–447.
- Kannerup AS, Grønbaek H, Funch-Jensen P, Cytokine changes during warm ischemia and reperfusion of the pig liver with or without preconditioning. Eur Surg Res. 2009;42(4):216–222.
- Granfeldt A, Lefer DJ, Vinten-Johansen J. Protective ischaemia in patients: preconditioning and postconditioning. Cardiovasc Res. 2009;83(2):234–246.
- Huffmyer J, Raphael J. Physiology and pharmacology of myocardial preconditioning and postconditioning. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009;13(1):5–18.
- Penna C, Mancardi D, Rastaldo R, Cardioprotection: a radical view free radicals in pre- and postconditioning. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1787(7):781–793.
- Zhao H. Ischemic postconditioning as a novel avenue to protect against brain injury after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009;29(5):873–885.
- Mockford KA, Girn HR, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Postconditioning: current controversies and clinical implications. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;37(4):437–442.
- van Vuuren D, Lochner A. Ischaemic postconditioning: from bench to bedside. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2008 Nov–Dec;19(6): 311–320.
- Jiang X, Shi E, Nakajima Y, Postconditioning, a series of brief interruptions of early reperfusion, prevents neurologic injury after spinal cord ischemia. Ann Surg. 2006;244(1): 148–153.
- Zhao H, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Interrupting reperfusion as a stroke therapy: ischemic postconditioning reduces infarct size after focal ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2006;26(9):1114–1121.
- Chiari PC, Bienengraeber MW, Pagel PS, Isoflurane protects against myocardial infarction during early reperfusion by activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signal transduction: evidence for anesthetic-induced postconditioning in rabbits. Anesthesiology. 2005;102(1):102–109.
- Laskey WK. Brief repetitive balloon occlusions enhance reperfusion during percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: a pilot study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2005;65:361–367.
- Ma XJ, Zhang XH, Li CM, Effect of postconditioning on coronary blood flow velocity and endothelial function in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2006;40:327–333.
- Laskey WK, Yoon S, Calzada N, Concordant improvements in coronary flow reserve and ST-segment resolution during percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: a benefit of postconditioning. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;72:212–220.
- Park JW, Qi WN, Liu JQ, Inhibition of iNOS attenuates skeletal muscle reperfusion injury in extracellular superoxide dismutase knockout mice. Microsurgery. 2005;25(8): 606–613.
- Tsang A, Hausenloy DJ, Mocanu MM, Postconditioning: a form of “modified reperfusion” protects the myocardium by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway. Circ Res. 2004;95(3):230–232.
- Bopassa JC, Ferrera R, Gateau-Roesch O, PI 3-kinase regulates the mitochondrial transition pore in controlled reperfusion and postconditioning. Cardiovasc Res. 2006;69(1):178–185.
- Vinten-Johansen J. Involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of lethal myocardial reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. 2004;61:481–497.