References
- Bone R C, Fisher C J, Clemmer T P, et al. Sepsis syndrome: a valid clinical entity. Crit Care Med 1989; 17: 389–393
- Carmona R, Catalano R, Trunkey D D. Septic shock. Shock and Related Problems, G T Shires. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1984; 156–177
- Fry D E, Pearlstein L, Fulton R L, Polk H C. Multiple system organ failure. The role of uncontrolled infection. Arch Surg 1980; 115: 136–140
- Goris R JA, te Boekhorst T PA, Nuytinck J KS, Gimbrère J SF. Multiple-organ failure. Generalized autodestructive inflammation?. Arch Surg 1985; 120: 1109–1115
- Pine R W, Wertz M J, Lennard E S, Dellinger E P, Carrico C J, Minshew B H. Determinants of organ malfunction or death in patients with intra-abdominal sepsis. A discriminant analysis. Arch Surg 1983; 118: 242–249
- Messmer K, Kreimeier U, Hammersen F. Multiple organ failure: clinical implications to macro-and microcirculation. Microcirculation in Circulatory Disorders, H Manabe, B W Zweifach, K Messmer. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1988; 147–157
- Thijs L G, Groeneveld A BJ. The circulatory defect of septic shock. Septic Shock. Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, J L Vincent, L G Thijs. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1987; Vol. 6: 161–178
- van Deventer S JH, Buller H R, Ten Cate J W, Shirk A, Pauw W. Endotoxaemia: an early predictor of septicaemia in febrile patients. Lancet 1988; 1: 605–609
- Finley R J. Animal models for the study of sepsis and septic shock. Perspectives on Sepsis and Septic Shock, W J Sibbald, C L Sprung. Soc. Crit. Care Med., Fullerton, CA 1986; 11–26
- Wichterman K A, Baue A E, Chaudry I H. Sepsis and septic shock: a review of laboratory models and a proposal. J Surg Res 1980; 29: 189–201
- Brigham K L, Meyrick B. Endotoxin and lung injury. State of the art. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 913–927
- Warner A E, DeCamp M M, Molina R M, Brain J D. Pulmonary removal of circulating endotoxin results in acute lung injury in sheep. Lab Invest 1988; 59: 219–239
- Schosser R, Arfors K E, Messmer K. MIC-II-a program for the determination of cardiac output, arterio-venous shunt and regional blood flow using the radioactive microsphere method. Comput Meth Progr Biomed 1979; 9: 19–38
- Kreimeier U, Sonnenberg K, Schwarz R. Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay: standardization of test procedure with chromogenic substrate and validation in experimental endotoxemia. Circ Shock 1990; 3: 252–253, (Abstract)
- Pond W G, Houpt K A. The Biology of the Pig. Comstock, Ithaca, NY 1978; 1–371
- Michie H R, Manogue K R, Spriggs D R, et al. Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1481–1486
- Beutler B, Cerami A. Cachectin and tumor necrosis factor as two sides of the same biological coin. Nature 1986; 320: 584–588
- Kutz H J, Quast J. Effects of continuous intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin into swine. Am J Vet Res 1982; 43: 262–268
- Hand M S, Fettman M J, Chandrasena L G, Cleek J L, Phillips R W. Endotoxin dose. I. Hemo-dynamic, metabolic, and lethal consequences in Yucatan minipigs. Am J Physiol 1983; 244: E385–E398
- Borg T, Alvfors A, Gerdin B, Modig J. A porcine model of early adult respiratory distress syndrome induced by endotoxinaemia. Acta Anaesth Scand 1985; 29: 814–830
- Kreimeier U, Schwarz M, Messmer K. Endotoxin-induced microcirculatory failure in the pig-effectiveness of specific antibody treatment. Langenb Arch Chir 1986, suppl.1: 191–195
- Kreimeier U, Yang Z, Messmer K. The role of fluid replacement in acute endotoxin shock. Shock and the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, W Kox, D Bihari. Springer-Verlag, London 1988; 179–190
- Border J R, Hassett J, LaDuca J, et al. The gut origin septic states in blunt multiple trauma (ISS-40) in the ICU. Ann Surg 1987; 206: 427–448
- Chang R WS, Jacobs S, Lee B. Gastrointestinal dysfunction among intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 1987; 15: 909–914
- Harkema J M, Chaudry I H. Oxygen delivery and multiple organ failure. Multiple Organ Failure, E A Deitch. Thieme-Verlag, New York 1990; 87–103
- Modig J. Beneficial effects of dextran 70 versus Ringer's acetate on pulmonary function, hemodynamics and survival in a porcine endotoxin shock model. Resuscitation 1988; 16: 1–12