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Original Article

Research Methods for Surgeons: An Overview

Pages 321-328 | Published online: 09 Jul 2009

References

  • Hsiang Y. Application of appropriate statistical methods in experimental surgery. J Invest Surg 1991; 4: 415–421
  • Gillum R F. Coronary artery bypass surgery and coronary angiography in the United States, 1979–83. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1255–1260
  • Anderson G M, Lomas J. Regionalization of coronary bypass surgery: effects on access. Medical Care 1989; 27: 288–296, For the reader who wishes to pursue this subject in greater depth, the following annotated bibliography is provided.
  • Pocock S J. Clinical Trials—A Practical Approach. J. Wiley and Sons, Toronto 1984, This is a readable step-by-step guide to designing clinical trials, including statistical and sample size considerations.
  • Principles and Practice of Research—Strategies for Surgical Investigators, 2nd ed., W OH Spitzer, B Mc Peek, D S Mulder, A S McKneally, Wechsler, C M Balch. Springer-Verlag, New York 1991, This is a comprehensive test which covers all phases of surgical research from animal research to clinical trials. It includes an extensive discussion of statistical issues, outlines approaches to the critical appraisal of the literature, and provides numerous examples from the surgical literature.
  • Streiner D L, Norman G R, Blum M M. PDQ Epidemiology. Decker, Inc, Toronto, B. C. 1989, This short book introduces the reader to key epidemiological concepts useful for a general approach to research. It is readable, even funny, and provides useful examples of commonly made mistakes in research under the catchy title of “crap detection”.
  • Tygstrup N, Lachin J M, Juhl E. The Randomized Clinical Trial and Therapeutic Decisions. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York 1982, This is another comprehensive discussion of the clinical trial in all its aspects
  • Sackett D L, Haynes R B, Guyatt G H, Tugwell P. Clinical Epidemiology—A Basic Sciences for Clinical Medicine, 2nd ed. Little Brown and Co, Toronto 1991

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