Bipolar Pacemaker Leads: New Materials, New Technology

References

• Tyers GFO, Mills P., Clark J., Cheesman M., Yeung-Lai-Wah J. A., Brownlee RR. Bipolar leads for use with permanently implantable cardiac pacing systems: a review of limitations of traditional and coaxial configurations and the development and testing of new conductor, insulation, and electrode design. J Invest Surg. 1997; 10: 1–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinchuk L. A Review of the biostability and carcinogeni-city of polyurethanes in medicine and the new generation of ‘biostable’ polyurethanes. J Biomater Sci Polymer Ed. 1994; 6: 225–267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunatillake P. A., Meijs G. F., Brandwood A., Schindhelm K., Rizzardo E., McCarthy SJ. Long term in vivo stability of novel polyurethanes. Transactions of the 79th Annual Meeting Society for Biomaterial., Birmingham, ALUSA, 1993, 55
   Google Scholar
• Meijs G., McCarthy S., Rizzardo E., Chen Y-C, Chatelier R., Brandwood A., Schindhelm K. Degradation of medical grade polyurethane elastomers: the effect of hydrogen peroxide. in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res. 1993; 27: 345–356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Q., Casas-Bejar J., Urbanski P., Stokes K. Glass wool-H2O2/CoCl2 test system forin vitro evaluation of biodegradative stress cracking in polyurethane elastomers. I of Biomed Mater Res. 1995; 29: 467–475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes K., Urbanski P., Cobain K. New test methods for the evaluation of stress cracking and metal catalyzed oxidation of implanted polymers. Polyurethanes in Biomedical Engineering, H. Plank. Elsevier Science, New York 1987; 109–128
   Google Scholar
• Phillips R., Frey M., Martin R. Longterm performance of polyurethane pacing leads: mechanisms of design related failures. PACE. 1986; 9: 1166–1172
   Google Scholar
• Takahara A., Coury A. J., Hergenrother R. W., Cooper S. L. Effect of soft segment chemistry on the biostability of segmented polyurethanesin vitro oxidation. I Biomed Mater Res. 1991; 25: 341–356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes K., Coury A., Urbanski P. Autooxidative degradation of implanted polyether polyurethane devices. I Biomater Appl. 1987; 4: 411–448
   Google Scholar
• Stokes K., McVenes R., Anderson JM. Polyurethane elastomer biostability. J Biomat Appl. 1995; 9: 321–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1991, Medtronic Inc. Medtronic Pacing Leads, Progress and Performance.
   Google Scholar
• , Medtronic Inc. Important Information about Metal lon Oxidation in Models 4004/4004M/4082 Pacemaker Leads. March 26, 1993
   Google Scholar
• , Medtronic Inc. Important Patient Management Medtronic Models 4504/4504M/4582 Atrial Bipolar Leads. October 4, 1996
   Google Scholar
• MacGregor D., Pinchuk L., Esquivel M., Martin J., Wilson G. Corethane® as a substitute for Pellethanea for pacemaker lead insulators. PACE. 1991; 14: 694
   Google Scholar
• Szycher M., Reed A. Development of a biodurable polyurethane. Transactions of the 20th Annual Meeting Society for Biomateeetingname, Boston, MAUSA, 1994, 43
   Google Scholar
• Pinchuk L., Kato Y. P., Eckstein M. L., Wilson G. J., MacGregor DC. Transactions of the 79th Annual Meeting Society for Biomaterial, Birmingham, ALUSA, 1993, 22
   Google Scholar
• Szycher M., Reed A. M., Sciliano AA. In vivo testing of a biostable polyurethane. J Biomater Appl. 1991; 6: 110–130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cobian K. Multiconductor versus conventional lead design: a discussion. Medtronic Technical Concept Paper. April, 1995
   Google Scholar
• , ASTM D621, Standard Test Method for Deformation of Plastics Under Load. 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs D., Fink A., Miller R., Anderson W., McVenes R., Lessar J., Cobain K., Staffanson D., Upton J., Burbick M. Anatomical and morphological evaluation of pacemaker lead compression. PACE. 1993; 16: 434–444
   Google Scholar
• Dunkirk S. G., Gregg S. L., Duran L. W., Monfils J. D., Haapala J. E., Marcy J. A., Clapper D. L., Amos R. A., Guire PE. Photochemical coatings for the prevention of bacterial colonization. J Biomater Appl. 1991; 6: 131–156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park K. D., Kim Y. S., Han D. K., Suh H. H., Choi K. S., Kim YH. Bacterial repellence on modified polyurethanes surfaces using PEG and heparin. Transactions of the 23th Annual Meeting Society Biomaterial. 1997, 111
   Google Scholar
• Barbucci R., Albanese A., Magnani A., Tempesti F. Coating of commercially available materials with a new hep-ranizable material. J Biomed Mater Res. 1991; 25: 1259–1274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gombotz W. R., Guanghi W., Horbett T. A., Hoffman A. S. Protein absorption to poly(ethylene oxide) surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res. 1991; 25: 1547–1562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Y. W., Santerre J. P., Lablow R. S., Taylor D. G. Use of surface-modifying macromolecules to enhance the biostability of segmented polyurethanes. J Biomed Mater Res. 1997; 35: 371–381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinchuk L., Martin J. B., Esquivel M. C., MacGregor D. C. The use of silicone/polyurethane graft polymers as a means of eliminating surface cracking of polyurethane prostheses. J Biomater Appl. 1988; 3: 260–296
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward R. S., White K. A., Gill R. S., Bertolet C. A. Surface activity and enhanced in vivo biostability of a segmented polyetherurethane with polydimethylsiloxane end groups. fifth World Biomaterials Congress. 1996, 818
   Google Scholar