Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 22, 2010 - Issue 14
62
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

A kinetic model for human blood concentrations of gaseous halocarbon fire-extinguishing agents

&
Pages 1151-1161 | Received 16 Sep 2010, Accepted 03 Oct 2010, Published online: 29 Nov 2010

References

  • Code of Federal Regulations. 1987. Title 40, Chapter 1—Environmental Protection Agency, Part 82, Protection of Stratospheric Ozone, Subpart G—Significant New Alternatives Policy Program, and Subpart H—Halon Emissions Reduction.
  • Colton B, Gargas M, Sweeney L. 2008. Setting Acute Exposure Limits for the Halotron 1 Clean Agent Onboard Aircraft Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling, Private Communication, July 16, 2008.
  • Eklund TI. 1983. Analysis of Dissipation of Gaseous Extinguisher Agents in Ventilated Compartments, FAA report DOT/FAA/CT-83/1.
  • Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular AC 20-42C. March 1984. Hand Fire Extinguishers for Use in Aircraft.
  • Horrell PJ Hardy CJ Moore SA Mann P. 2007. Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., Halotron 1 Measurement of Blood Levels for Cardiac Sensitization Assessment Following Inhalation Administration to Beagle Dogs, Huntingdon, England, November 6, 2007.
  • Jepson G. August 2008. Senior Fluoroproducts Toxicologist and Manager of the Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology Haskell Laboratory for Health and Environmental Sciences at DuPont, Private Communication.
  • Kenny TJ Grierson KL Bannerman M Hardy CJ Gilkison IS. 1998. Huntingdon Life Science Ltd., HFC-236fa, HFC-227ea, HFC-125 and CF3I/ An Inhalation Study to Investigate the Blood Levels of Inhaled Halocarbons in the Beagle Dog, Huntingdon, England, Report IFP 001/984370.
  • Mullin LS, Reinhardt CF, Hemingway RE. 1979. Cardiac arrhythmias and blood levels associated with inhalation of Halon 1301. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 40:652–658.
  • National Fire Protection Agency. 2008. 2001: Standard on Clean Agent Fire-Extinguishing Systems, NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.
  • Reinhardt CF, Azar A, Maxfield ME, Smith PE Jr, Mullin LS. 1971. Cardiac arrhythmias and aerosol ‘sniffing.’ Arch Env Health 22:265–279.
  • Speitel LC. July 1995. Toxicity Assessment of Combustion Gases and Development of a Survival Model, FAA Report DOT/FAA/AR-95/5.
  • Speitel LC, Lyon RE. August 2009. Guidelines for Safe Use of Gaseous Halocarbon Extinguishing Agents in Aircraft, FAA Report DOT/FAA/AR-08/3.
  • Tabscott RE, Speitel LC, eds. February 2002. Options to the Use of Halons for Aircraft Fire Protection Systems—2002 Update, Task Group on Halon Options, International Halon Replacement Working Group, FAA report DOT/FAA/AR-99/63.
  • Vinegar A. 2001. Modeling cardiac sensitization potential of humans exposed to Halon 1301 or Halon 1211 aboard aircraft. Aviat Space Environ Med 72:928–936.
  • Vinegar A, Jepson GW, Cisneros M, Rubenstein R, Brock WJ. 2000. Setting safe acute exposure limits for Halon replacement chemicals using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Inhal Toxicol 12:751–763.
  • Vinegar A, Jepson GW, Hammann SJ, Harper G, Dierdorf DS, Overton JH. 1999. Simulated blood levels of CF3I in personnel exposed during its release from an F-15 Jet Engine Nacelle and during intentional inhalation. AIHA J 60:403–408.
  • Vinegar A, Jepson GW, Overton JH. 1998. PBPK modeling of short-term (0–5 min) human inhalation exposures to halogenated hydrocarbons. Inhal Toxicol 10:411–429.
  • Webster H. August 2002. Development of a Minimum Performance Standard (MPS) for Hand-Held Fire Extinguishers as a Replacement for Halon 1211 on Civilian Transport Category Aircraft, FAA report DOT/FAA/AR-01/37.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.