Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 24, 2012 - Issue 5
477
Views
59
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Manufactured and airborne nanoparticle cardiopulmonary interactions: a review of mechanisms and the possible contribution of mast cells

, &
Pages 320-339 | Received 12 Jan 2012, Accepted 16 Feb 2012, Published online: 10 Apr 2012

References

  • Aiso S, Kubota H, Umeda Y, Kasai T, Takaya M, Yamazaki K, Nagano K, Sakai T, Koda S, Fukushima S. 2011. Translocation of intratracheally instilled multiwall carbon nanotubes to lung-associated lymph nodes in rats. Ind Health 49:215–220.
  • Andersen ZJ, Olsen TS, Andersen KK, Loft S, Ketzel M, Raaschou-Nielsen O. 2010. Association between short-term exposure to ultrafine particles and hospital admissions for stroke in Copenhagen, Denmark. Eur Heart J 31:2034–2040.
  • Araujo JA, Barajas B, Kleinman M, Wang X, Bennett BJ, Gong KW, Navab M, Harkema J, Sioutas C, Lusis AJ, Nel AE. 2008. Ambient particulate pollutants in the ultrafine range promote early atherosclerosis and systemic oxidative stress. Circ Res 102:589–596.
  • Barlovic DP, Soro-Paavonen A, Jandeleit-Dahm KA. 2011. RAGE biology, atherosclerosis and diabetes. Clin Sci 121:43–55.
  • Becher R, Bucht A, Øvrevik J, Hongslo JK, Dahlman HJ, Samuelsen JT, Schwarze PE. 2007. Involvement of NADPH oxidase and iNOS in rodent pulmonary cytokine responses to urban air and mineral particles. Inhal Toxicol 19:645–655.
  • Belleudi V, Faustini A, Stafoggia M, Cattani G, Marconi A, Perucci CA, Forastiere F. 2010. Impact of fine and ultrafine particles on emergency hospital admissions for cardiac and respiratory diseases. Epidemiology 21:414–423.
  • Bonner JC. 2010. Nanoparticles as a potential cause of pleural and interstitial lung disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 7:138–141.
  • Bonzini M, Tripodi A, Artoni A, Tarantini L, Marinelli B, Bertazzi PA, Apostoli P, Baccarelli A. 2010. Effects of inhalable particulate matter on blood coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 8:662–668.
  • Bot I, Biessen EA. 2011. Mast cells in atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 106:820–826.
  • Bot I, Bot M, van Heiningen SH, van Santbrink PJ, Lankhuizen IM, Hartman P, Gruener S, Hilpert H, van Berkel TJ, Fingerle J, Biessen EA. 2011. Mast cell chymase inhibition reduces atherosclerotic plaque progression and improves plaque stability in ApoE-/- mice. Cardiovasc Res 89:244–252.
  • Bot I, de Jager SC, Bot M, van Heiningen SH, de Groot P, Veldhuizen RW, van Berkel TJ, von der Thüsen JH, Biessen EA. 2010. The neuropeptide substance P mediates adventitial mast cell activation and induces intraplaque hemorrhage in advanced atherosclerosis. Circ Res 106:89–92.
  • Bot I, de Jager SC, Zernecke A, Lindstedt KA, van Berkel TJ, Weber C, Biessen EA. 2007. Perivascular mast cells promote atherogenesis and induce plaque destabilization in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 115:2516–2525.
  • Breitner S, Liu L, Cyrys J, Brüske I, Franck U, Schlink U, Leitte AM, Herbarth O, Wiedensohler A, Wehner B, Hu M, Pan XC, Wichmann HE, Peters A. 2011. Sub-micrometer particulate air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 409:5196–5204.
  • Brown JM, Wilson TM, Metcalfe DD. 2008. The mast cell and allergic diseases: role in pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Clin Exp Allergy 38:4–18.
  • Budinger GR, McKell JL, Urich D, Foiles N, Weiss I, Chiarella SE, Gonzalez A, Soberanes S, Ghio AJ, Nigdelioglu R, Mutlu EA, Radigan KA, Green D, Kwaan HC, Mutlu GM. 2011. Particulate matter-induced lung inflammation increases systemic levels of PAI-1 and activates coagulation through distinct mechanisms. PLoS ONE 6:e18525.
  • Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Vincent R, Mora-Tiscareño A, Franco-Lira M, Henríquez-Roldán C, Barragán-Mejía G, Garrido-García L, Camacho-Reyes L, Valencia-Salazar G, Paredes R, Romero L, Osnaya H, Villarreal-Calderón R, Torres-Jardón R, Hazucha MJ, Reed W. 2007. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 and pulmonary arterial pressure in children exposed to air pollution. Environ Health Perspect 115:1248–1253.
  • Ceron JJ, Eckersall PD, Martýnez-Subiela S. 2005. Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives. Vet Clin Pathol 34:85–99.
  • Chen EY, Garnica M, Wang YC, Mintz AJ, Chen CS, Chin WC. 2012. A mixture of anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles induces histamine secretion in mast cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 9:2.
  • Chen Z, Meng H, Xing G, Yuan H, Zhao F, Liu R, Chang X, Gao X, Wang T, Jia G, Ye C, Chai Z, Zhao Y. 2008. Age-related differences in pulmonary and cardiovascular responses to SiO2 nanoparticle inhalation: nanotoxicity has susceptible population. Environ Sci Technol 42:8985–8992.
  • Cherng TW, Campen MJ, Knuckles TL, Gonzalez Bosc L, Kanagy NL. 2009. Impairment of coronary endothelial cell ET(B) receptor function after short-term inhalation exposure to whole diesel emissions. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297:R640–R647.
  • Cho WS, Duffin R, Poland CA, Howie SE, MacNee W, Bradley M, Megson IL, Donaldson K. 2010. Metal oxide nanoparticles induce unique inflammatory footprints in the lung: important implications for nanoparticle testing. Environ Health Perspect 118:1699–1706.
  • Choi HS, Ashitate Y, Lee JH, Kim SH, Matsui A, Insin N, Bawendi MG, Semmler-Behnke M, Frangioni JV, Tsuda A. 2010. Rapid translocation of nanoparticles from the lung airspaces to the body. Nat Biotechnol 28:1300–1303.
  • Chuang KJ, Chan CC, Chen NT, Su TC, Lin LY. 2005. Effects of particle size fractions on reducing heart rate variability in cardiac and hypertensive patients. Environ Health Perspect 113:1693–1697.
  • Coleridge HM, Coleridge JC. 1994. Neural regulation of bronchial blood flow. Respir Physiol 98:1–13.
  • Cozzi E, Wingard CJ, Cascio WE, Devlin RB, Miles JJ, Bofferding AR, Lust RM, Van Scott MR, Henriksen RA. 2007. Effect of ambient particulate matter exposure on hemostasis. Transl Res 149:324–332.
  • Cray C, Zaias J, Altman NH. 2009. Acute phase response in animals: a review. Comp Med 59:517–526.
  • Delfino RJ, Sioutas C, Malik S. 2005. Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health. Environ Health Perspect 113:934–946.
  • Dellinger A, Zhou Z, Norton SK, Lenk R, Conrad D, Kepley CL. 2010. Uptake and distribution of fullerenes in human mast cells. Nanomedicine 6:575–582.
  • Demyanets S, Konya V, Kastl SP, Kaun C, Rauscher S, Niessner A, Pentz R, Pfaffenberger S, Rychli K, Lemberger CE, de Martin R, Heinemann A, Huk I, Gröger M, Maurer G, Huber K, Wojta J. 2011. Interleukin-33 induces expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory activation in human endothelial cells and in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 31:2080–2089.
  • Devlin RB, Ghio AJ, Kehrl H, Sanders G, Cascio W. 2003. Elderly humans exposed to concentrated air pollution particles have decreased heart rate variability. Eur Respir J Suppl 40;76s–80s.
  • Donaldson K, Brown D, Clouter A, Duffin R, MacNee W, Renwick L, Tran L, Stone V. 2002. The pulmonary toxicology of ultrafine particles. J Aerosol Med 15:213–220.
  • Donaldson K, Stone V, Seaton A, MacNee W. 2001. Ambient particle inhalation and the cardiovascular system: potential mechanisms. Environ Health Perspect 109 Suppl 4:523–527.
  • Dupuis J, Stewart DJ, Cernacek P, Gosselin G. 1996. Human pulmonary circulation is an important site for both clearance and production of endothelin-1. Circulation 94:1578–1584.
  • Elder A, Couderc JP, Gelein R, Eberly S, Cox C, Xia X, Zareba W, Hopke P, Watts W, Kittelson D, Frampton M, Utell M, Oberdörster G. 2007. Effects of on-road highway aerosol exposures on autonomic responses in aged, spontaneously hypertensive rats. Inhal Toxicol 19:1–12.
  • Elder AC, Gelein R, Azadniv M, Frampton M, Finkelstein J, Oberdörster G. 2004. Systemic effects of inhaled ultrafine particles in two compromised, aged rat strains. Inhal Toxicol 16:461–471.
  • Erdely A, Liston A, Salmen-Muniz R, Hulderman T, Young SH, Zeidler-Erdely PC, Castranova V, Simeonova PP. 2011. Identification of systemic markers from a pulmonary carbon nanotube exposure. J Occup Environ Med 53:S80–S86.
  • Farraj AK, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Hazari MS, Carll AP, Rowan WH, Ledbetter AD, Cascio WE, Costa DL. 2009. Increased non-conducted P-wave arrhythmias after a single oil fly ash inhalation exposure in hypertensive rats. Environ Health Perspect 117:709–715.
  • Folino AF, Scapellato ML, Canova C, Maestrelli P, Bertorelli G, Simonato L, Iliceto S, Lotti M. 2009. Individual exposure to particulate matter and the short-term arrhythmic and autonomic profiles in patients with myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 30:1614–1620.
  • Frampton MW. 2001. Systemic and cardiovascular effects of airway injury and inflammation: ultrafine particle exposure in humans. Environ Health Perspect 109 Suppl 4:529–532.
  • Franck U, Odeh S, Wiedensohler A, Wehner B, Herbarth O. 2011. The effect of particle size on cardiovascular disorders–the smaller the worse. Sci Total Environ 409:4217–4221.
  • Furuyama A, Kanno S, Kobayashi T, Hirano S. 2009. Extrapulmonary translocation of intratracheally instilled fine and ultrafine particles via direct and alveolar macrophage-associated routes. Arch Toxicol 83:429–437.
  • Ge C, Meng L, Xu L, Bai R, Du J, Zhang L, Li Y, Chang Y, Zhao Y, Chen C. 2011. Acute pulmonary and moderate cardiovascular responses of spontaneously hypertensive rats after exposure to single-wall carbon nanotubes. Nanotoxicology. doi:10.3109/17435390.2011.587905.
  • Geys J, Nemmar A, Verbeken E, Smolders E, Ratoi M, Hoylaerts MF, Nemery B, Hoet PH. 2008. Acute toxicity and prothrombotic effects of quantum dots: impact of surface charge. Environ Health Perspect 116:1607–1613.
  • Ghio AJ, Hall A, Bassett MA, Cascio WE, Devlin RB. 2003. Exposure to concentrated ambient air particles alters hematologic indices in humans. Inhal Toxicol 15:1465–1478.
  • Gilmour PS, Ziesenis A, Morrison ER, Vickers MA, Drost EM, Ford I, Karg E, Mossa C, Schroeppel A, Ferron GA, Heyder J, Greaves M, MacNee W, Donaldson K. 2004. Pulmonary and systemic effects of short-term inhalation exposure to ultrafine carbon black particles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 195:35–44.
  • Godleski JJ, Verrier RL, Koutrakis P, Catalano P, Coull B, Reinisch U, Lovett EG, Lawrence J, Murthy GG, Wolfson JM, Clarke RW, Nearing BD, Killingsworth C. 2000. Mechanisms of morbidity and mortality from exposure to ambient air particles. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 91:5–88; discussion 89.
  • Gojova A, Lee JT, Jung HS, Guo B, Barakat AI, Kennedy IM. 2009. Effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles on inflammation in vascular endothelial cells. Inhal Toxicol 21 Suppl 1:123–130.
  • Gordon CJ, Schladweiler MC, Krantz C, Kodavanti UP. 2012. Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses of unrestrained rats exposed to filtered or unfiltered diesel exhaust. Inhal Toxicol (in press).
  • Gottipolu RR, Wallenborn JG, Karoly ED, Schladweiler MC, Ledbetter AD, Krantz T, Linak WP, Nyska A, Johnson JA, Thomas R, Richards JE, Jaskot RH, Kodavanti UP. 2009. One-month diesel exhaust inhalation produces hypertensive gene expression pattern in healthy rats. Environ Health Perspect 117:38–46.
  • Guo Q, Subramanian H, Gupta K, Ali H. 2011. Regulation of C3a receptor signaling in human mast cells by G protein coupled receptor kinases. PLoS ONE 6:e22559.
  • Halappanavar S, Jackson P, Williams A, Jensen KA, Hougaard KS, Vogel U, Yauk CL, Wallin H. 2011. Pulmonary response to surface-coated nanotitanium dioxide particles includes induction of acute phase response genes, inflammatory cascades, and changes in microRNAs: a toxicogenomic study. Environ Mol Mutagen 52:425–439.
  • Hall AR, Keegstra JM, Duch MC, Hersam MC, Dekker C. 2011. Translocation of single-wall carbon nanotubes through solid-state nanopores. Nano Lett 11:2446–2450.
  • Harvima IT, Nilsson G, Naukkarinen A. 2010. Role of mast cells and sensory nerves in skin inflammation. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 145:195–204.
  • Hazari MS, Rowan WH, Winsett DW, Ledbetter AD, Haykal-Coates N, Watkinson WP, Costa DL. 2008. Potentiation of pulmonary reflex response to capsaicin 24h following whole-body acrolein exposure is mediated by TRPV1. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 160:160–171.
  • Helfenstein M, Miragoli M, Rohr S, Müller L, Wick P, Mohr M, Gehr P, Rothen-Rutishauser B. 2008. Effects of combustion-derived ultrafine particles and manufactured nanoparticles on heart cells in vitro. Toxicology 253:70–78.
  • Hendren CO, Mesnard X, Dröge J, Wiesner MR. 2011. Estimating production data for five engineered nanomaterials as a basis for exposure assessment. Environ Sci Technol 45:2562–2569.
  • Ho CY, Lee LY. 1998. Ozone enhances excitabilities of pulmonary C fibers to chemical and mechanical stimuli in anesthetized rats. J Appl Physiol 85:1509–1515.
  • Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Fischer P, van Wijnen J. 2001. The association between air pollution and heart failure, arrhythmia, embolism, thrombosis, and other cardiovascular causes of death in a time series study. Epidemiology 12:355–357.
  • Holzer P. 1991. Capsaicin: cellular targets, mechanisms of action, and selectivity for thin sensory neurons. Pharmacol Rev 43:143–201.
  • Horie M, Fukui H, Nishio K, Endoh S, Kato H, Fujita K, Miyauchi A, Nakamura A, Shichiri M, Ishida N, Kinugasa S, Morimoto Y, Niki E, Yoshida Y, Iwahashi H. 2011. Evaluation of acute oxidative stress induced by NiO nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro. J Occup Health 53:64–74.
  • Hu CL, Xiang JZ, Hu FF. 2008. Vanilloid receptor TRPV1, sensory C-fibers, and activation of adventitial mast cells. A novel mechanism involved in adventitial inflammation. Med Hypotheses 71:102–103.
  • Huang CH, Lin LY, Tsai MS, Hsu CY, Chen HW, Wang TD, Chang WT, Cheng TJ, Chen WJ. 2010. Acute cardiac dysfunction after short-term diesel exhaust particles exposure. Toxicol Lett 192:349–355.
  • Huang YF, Liu H, Xiong X, Chen Y, Tan W. 2009. Nanoparticle-mediated IgE-receptor aggregation and signaling in RBL mast cells. J Am Chem Soc 131:17328–17334.
  • Ibald-Mulli A, Wichmann HE, Kreyling W, Peters A. 2002. Epidemiological evidence on health effects of ultrafine particles. J Aerosol Med 15:189–201.
  • Kan H, Wu Z, Young SH, Chen TH, Cumpston JL, Chen F, Kashon ML, et al. 2011. Pulmonary exposure of rats to ultrafine titanium dioxide enhances cardiac protein phosphorylation and substance P synthesis in nodose ganglia. Nanotoxicology. doi:10.3109/17435390.2011.611915.
  • Kang GS, Gillespie PA, Gunnison A, Moreira AL, Tchou-Wong KM, Chen LC. 2011. Long-term inhalation exposure to nickel nanoparticles exacerbated atherosclerosis in a susceptible mouse model. Environ Health Perspect 119:176–181.
  • Kang X, Li N, Wang M, Boontheung P, Sioutas C, Harkema JR, Bramble LA, Nel AE, Loo JA. 2010. Adjuvant effects of ambient particulate matter monitored by proteomics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Proteomics 10:520–531.
  • Karoly ED, Li Z, Dailey LA, Hyseni X, Huang YC. 2007. Up-regulation of tissue factor in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells after ultrafine particle exposure. Environ Health Perspect 115:535–540.
  • Khandoga A, Stampfl A, Takenaka S, Schulz H, Radykewicz R, Kreyling W, Krombach F. 2004. Ultrafine particles exert prothrombotic but not inflammatory effects on the hepatic microcirculation in healthy mice in vivo. Circulation 109:1320–1325.
  • Kita T, Kume N, Minami M, Hayashida K, Murayama T, Sano H, Moriwaki H, Kataoka H, Nishi E, Horiuchi H, Arai H, Yokode M. 2001. Role of oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis. Ann New York Acad Sci 947:199–205; discussion 205–206.
  • Knaapen AM, den Hartog GJ, Bast A, Borm PJ. 2001. Ambient particulate matter induces relaxation of rat aortic rings in vitro. Hum Exp Toxicol 20:259–265.
  • Knuckles TL, Lund AK, Lucas SN, Campen MJ. 2008. Diesel exhaust exposure enhances venoconstriction via uncoupling of eNOS. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 230:346–351.
  • Kodavanti UP, Schladweiler MC, Gilmour PS, Wallenborn JG, Mandavilli BS, Ledbetter AD, Christiani DC, Runge MS, Karoly ED, Costa DL, Peddada S, Jaskot R, Richards JH, Thomas R, Madamanchi NR, Nyska A. 2008. The role of particulate matter-associated zinc in cardiac injury in rats. Environ Health Perspect 116:13–20.
  • Kodavanti UP, Schladweiler MC, Ledbetter AD, Watkinson WP, Campen MJ, Winsett DW, Richards JR, Crissman KM, Hatch GE, Costa DL. 2000. The spontaneously hypertensive rat as a model of human cardiovascular disease: evidence of exacerbated cardiopulmonary injury and oxidative stress from inhaled emission particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 164:250–263.
  • Kodavanti UP, Thomas R, Ledbetter AD, Schladweiler MC, Shannahan JH, Wallenborn JG, Lund AK, Campen MJ, Butler EO, Gottipolu RR, Nyska A, Richards JE, Andrews D, Jaskot RH, McKee J, Kotha SR, Patel RB, Parinandi NL. 2011. Vascular and cardiac impairments in rats inhaling ozone and diesel exhaust particles. Environ Health Perspect 119:312–318.
  • Kokkonen JO, Kovanen PT. 1987. Stimulation of mast cells leads to cholesterol accumulation in macrophages in vitro by a mast cell granule-mediated uptake of low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:2287–2291.
  • Krishnaswamy G, Ajitawi O, Chi DS. 2006. The human mast cell: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 315:13–34.
  • Kunder CA, St John AL, Li G, Leong KW, Berwin B, Staats HF, Abraham SN. 2009. Mast cell-derived particles deliver peripheral signals to remote lymph nodes. J Exp Med 206:2455–2467.
  • Laine P, Naukkarinen A, Heikkilä L, Penttilä A, Kovanen PT. 2000. Adventitial mast cells connect with sensory nerve fibers in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Circulation 101:1665–1669.
  • Lakota K, Zigon P, Mrak-Poljsak K, Rozman B, Shoenfeld Y, Sodin-Semrl S. 2011. Antibodies against acute phase proteins and their functions in the pathogenesis of disease: a collective profile of 25 different antibodies. Autoimmun Rev 10:779–789.
  • Lanki T, Pekkanen J, Aalto P, Elosua R, Berglind N, D’Ippoliti D, Kulmala M, Nyberg F, Peters A, Picciotto S, Salomaa V, Sunyer J, Tiittanen P, von Klot S, Forastiere F. 2006. Associations of traffic related air pollutants with hospitalisation for first acute myocardial infarction: the HEAPSS study. Occup Environ Med 63:844–851.
  • Lapar DJ, Hajzus VA, Zhao Y, Lau CL, French BA, Kron IL, Sharma AK, Laubach VE. 2012. Acute hyperglycemic exacerbation of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury is mediated by receptor for advanced glycation end-products signaling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 46:299–305.
  • Laskin DL, Heck DE, Laskin JD. 1998. Role of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in hepatic and pulmonary toxicity. Toxicol Lett 102-103:289–293.
  • LeBlanc AJ, Moseley AM, Chen BT, Frazer D, Castranova V, Nurkiewicz TR. 2010. Nanoparticle inhalation impairs coronary microvascular reactivity via a local reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism. Cardiovasc Toxicol 10:27–36.
  • Legramante JM, Valentini F, Magrini A, Palleschi G, Sacco S, Iavicoli I, Pallante M, Moscone D, Galante A, Bergamaschi E, Bergamaschi A, Pietroiusti A. 2009. Cardiac autonomic regulation after lung exposure to carbon nanotubes. Hum Exp Toxicol 28:369–375.
  • Levick SP, Meléndez GC, Plante E, McLarty JL, Brower GL, Janicki JS. 2011. Cardiac mast cells: the centrepiece in adverse myocardial remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 89:12–19.
  • Lewis JA, Rao KM, Castranova V, Vallyathan V, Dennis WE, Knechtges PL. 2007. Proteomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: effect of acute exposure to diesel exhaust particles in rats. Environ Health Perspect 115:756–763.
  • Li JJ, Muralikrishnan S, Ng CT, Yung LY, Bay BH. 2010a. Nanoparticle-induced pulmonary toxicity. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 235:1025–1033.
  • Li M, Yu D, Williams KJ, Liu ML. 2010b. Tobacco smoke induces the generation of procoagulant microvesicles from human monocytes/macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30:1818–1824.
  • Li Y, Li J, Yin J, Li W, Kang C, Huang Q, Li Q. 2010c. Systematic influence induced by 3 nm titanium dioxide following intratracheal instillation of mice. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 10:8544–8549.
  • Li N, Sioutas C, Cho A, Schmitz D, Misra C, Sempf J, Wang M, Oberley T, Froines J, Nel A. 2003. Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Environ Health Perspect 111:455–460.
  • Li R, Ning Z, Cui J, Khalsa B, Ai L, Takabe W, Beebe T, Majumdar R, Sioutas C, Hsiai T. 2009. Ultrafine particles from diesel engines induce vascular oxidative stress via JNK activation. Free Radic Biol Med 46:775–782.
  • Li R, Ning Z, Majumdar R, Cui J, Takabe W, Jen N, Sioutas C, Hsiai T. 2010. Ultrafine particles from diesel vehicle emissions at different driving cycles induce differential vascular pro-inflammatory responses: implication of chemical components and NF-κB signaling. Part Fibre Toxicol 7:6.
  • Li Z, Hulderman T, Salmen R, Chapman R, Leonard SS, Young SH, Shvedova A, Luster MI, Simeonova PP. 2007. Cardiovascular effects of pulmonary exposure to single-wall carbon nanotubes. Environ Health Perspect 115:377–382.
  • Liao L, Starzyk RM, Granger DN. 1997. Molecular determinants of oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced leukocyte adhesion and microvascular dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:437–444.
  • Lipka J, Semmler-Behnke M, Sperling RA, Wenk A, Takenaka S, Schleh C, Kissel T, Parak WJ, Kreyling WG. 2010. Biodistribution of PEG-modified gold nanoparticles following intratracheal instillation and intravenous injection. Biomaterials 31:6574–6581.
  • Liu Y, Gao Y, Zhang L, Wang T, Wang J, Jiao F, Li W, Liu Y, Li Y, Li B, Chai Z, Wu G, Chen C. 2009. Potential health impact on mice after nasal instillation of nano-sized copper particles and their translocation in mice. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 9:6335–6343.
  • Love SA, Haynes CL. 2010. Assessment of functional changes in nanoparticle-exposed neuroendocrine cells with amperometry: exploring the generalizability of nanoparticle-vesicle matrix interactions. Anal Bioanal Chem 398:677–688.
  • Lund AK, Lucero J, Harman M, Madden MC, McDonald JD, Seagrave JC, Campen MJ. 2011. The oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor mediates vascular effects of inhaled vehicle emissions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184:82–91.
  • Ma JY, Zhao H, Mercer RR, Barger M, Rao M, Meighan T, Schwegler-Berry D, Castranova V, Ma JK. 2011. Cerium oxide nanoparticle-induced pulmonary inflammation and alveolar macrophage functional change in rats. Nanotoxicology 5:312–325.
  • Mani U, Prasad AK, Suresh Kumar V, Lal K, Kanojia RK, Chaudhari BP, Murthy RC. 2007. Effect of fly ash inhalation on biochemical and histomorphological changes in rat liver. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 68:126–133.
  • Marquis BJ, Maurer-Jones MA, Braun KL, Haynes CL. 2009. Amperometric assessment of functional changes in nanoparticle-exposed immune cells: varying Au nanoparticle exposure time and concentration. Analyst 134:2293–2300.
  • Maurer-Jones MA, Lin YS, Haynes CL. 2010. Functional assessment of metal oxide nanoparticle toxicity in immune cells. ACS Nano 4:3363–3373.
  • Mehta JL. 2004. The role of LOX-1, a novel lectin-like receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein, in atherosclerosis. Can J Cardiol 20 Suppl B:32B–36B.
  • Meléndez GC, Li J, Law BA, Janicki JS, Supowit SC, Levick SP. 2011. Substance P induces adverse myocardial remodelling via a mechanism involving cardiac mast cells. Cardiovasc Res 92:420–429.
  • Mills NL, Miller MR, Lucking AJ, Beveridge J, Flint L, Boere AJ, Fokkens PH, Boon NA, Sandstrom T, Blomberg A, Duffin R, Donaldson K, Hadoke PW, Cassee FR, Newby DE. 2011. Combustion-derived nanoparticulate induces the adverse vascular effects of diesel exhaust inhalation. Eur Heart J 32:2660–2671.
  • Mitra S, Goyal T, Mehta JL. 2011. Oxidized LDL, LOX-1 and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 25:419–429.
  • Moyssakis I, Vlahodimitris IE, Kanakis MA, Kapsimali V, Tsoucala C, Vaiopoulos GA. 2010. Behavior of coagulation factors and normal inhibitors of coagulation during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 21:670–673.
  • Mutlu GM, Green D, Bellmeyer A, Baker CM, Burgess Z, Rajamannan N, Christman JW, Foiles N, Kamp DW, Ghio AJ, Chandel NS, Dean DA, Sznajder JI, Budinger GR. 2007. Ambient particulate matter accelerates coagulation via an IL-6-dependent pathway. J Clin Invest 117:2952–2961.
  • Nalabotu SK, Kolli MB, Triest WE, Ma JY, Manne ND, Katta A, Addagarla HS, Rice KM, Blough ER. 2011. Intratracheal instillation of cerium oxide nanoparticles induces hepatic toxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Int J Nanomedicine 6:2327–2335.
  • Naota M, Shimada A, Morita T, Inoue K, Takano H. 2009. Translocation pathway of the intratracheally instilled C60 fullerene from the lung into the blood circulation in the mouse: possible association of diffusion and caveolae-mediated pinocytosis. Toxicol Pathol 37:456–462.
  • Nemmar A, Al-Salam S, Zia S, Dhanasekaran S, Shudadevi M, Ali BH. 2010. Time-course effects of systemically administered diesel exhaust particles in rats. Toxicol Lett 194:58–65.
  • Nemmar A, Delaunois A, Nemery B, Dessy-Doizé C, Beckers JF, Sulon J, Gustin P. 1999. Inflammatory effect of intratracheal instillation of ultrafine particles in the rabbit: role of C-fiber and mast cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 160:250–261.
  • Nemmar A, Dhanasekaran S, Yasin J, Ba-Omar H, Fahim MA, Kazzam EE, Ali BH. 2009. Evaluation of the direct systemic and cardiopulmonary effects of diesel particles in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Toxicology 262:50–56.
  • Nemmar A, Hoet PH, Dinsdale D, Vermylen J, Hoylaerts MF, Nemery B. 2003. Diesel exhaust particles in lung acutely enhance experimental peripheral thrombosis. Circulation 107:1202–1208.
  • Nemmar A, Hoet PH, Vandervoort P, Dinsdale D, Nemery B, Hoylaerts MF. 2007. Enhanced peripheral thrombogenicity after lung inflammation is mediated by platelet-leukocyte activation: role of P-selectin. J Thromb Haemost 5:1217–1226.
  • Nemmar A, Hoet PH, Vanquickenborne B, Dinsdale D, Thomeer M, Hoylaerts MF, Vanbilloen H, Mortelmans L, Nemery B. 2002a. Passage of inhaled particles into the blood circulation in humans. Circulation 105:411–414.
  • Nemmar A, Hoylaerts MF, Hoet PH, Dinsdale D, Smith T, Xu H, Vermylen J, Nemery B. 2002b. Ultrafine particles affect experimental thrombosis in an in vivo hamster model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:998–1004.
  • Nemmar A, Hoylaerts MF, Hoet PH, Nemery B. 2004. Possible mechanisms of the cardiovascular effects of inhaled particles: systemic translocation and prothrombotic effects. Toxicol Lett 149:243–253.
  • Nemmar A, Hoylaerts MF, Hoet PH, Vermylen J, Nemery B. 2003. Size effect of intratracheally instilled particles on pulmonary inflammation and vascular thrombosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 186:38–45.
  • Niu J, Azfer A, Rogers LM, Wang X, Kolattukudy PE. 2007. Cardioprotective effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles in a transgenic murine model of cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 73:549–559.
  • Niwa Y, Hiura Y, Sawamura H, Iwai N. 2008. Inhalation exposure to carbon black induces inflammatory response in rats. Circ J 72:144–149.
  • Norton SK, Dellinger A, Zhou Z, Lenk R, Macfarland D, Vonakis B, Conrad D, Kepley CL. 2010. A new class of human mast cell and peripheral blood basophil stabilizers that differentially control allergic mediator release. Clin Transl Sci 3:158–169.
  • Nurkiewicz TR, Porter DW, Hubbs AF, Stone S, Chen BT, Frazer DG, Boegehold MA, Castranova V. 2009. Pulmonary nanoparticle exposure disrupts systemic microvascular nitric oxide signaling. Toxicol Sci 110:191–203.
  • Oberdörster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, Lunts A, Kreyling W, Cox C. 2002. Extrapulmonary translocation of ultrafine carbon particles following whole-body inhalation exposure of rats. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 65:1531–1543.
  • Oh WK, Kim S, Choi M, Kim C, Jeong YS, Cho BR, Hahn JS, Jang J. 2010. Cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and innate immune response of silica-titania hollow nanoparticles based on size and surface functionality. ACS Nano 4:5301–5313.
  • Oyamada S, Bianchi C, Takai S, Chu LM, Sellke FW. 2011. Chymase inhibition reduces infarction and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation and attenuates inflammation and fibrosis after acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 339:143–151.
  • Park EJ, Choi K, Park K. 2011. Induction of inflammatory responses and gene expression by intratracheal instillation of silver nanoparticles in mice. Arch Pharm Res 34:299–307.
  • Pollock DM, Keith TL, Highsmith RF. 1995. Endothelin receptors and calcium signaling. FASEB J 9:1196–1204.
  • Pollreisz A, Hudson BI, Chang JS, Qu W, Cheng B, Papapanou PN, Schmidt AM, Lalla E. 2010. Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts mediates pro-atherogenic responses to periodontal infection in vascular endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 212:451–456.
  • Pope CA 3rd. 2000. Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: biologic mechanisms and who’s at risk? Environ Health Perspect 108 Suppl 4:713–723.
  • Pope CA 3rd, Dockery DW. 2006. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect. J Air Waste Manag Assoc (1995) 56, no. 6:709–742.
  • Pope CA 3rd, Muhlestein JB, May HT, Renlund DG, Anderson JL, Horne BD. 2006. Ischemic heart disease events triggered by short-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Circulation 114:2443–2448.
  • Radomski A, Jurasz P, Alonso-Escolano D, Drews M, Morandi M, Malinski T, Radomski MW. 2005. Nanoparticle-induced platelet aggregation and vascular thrombosis. Br J Pharmacol 146:882–893.
  • Reddy AR, Rao MV, Krishna DR, Himabindu V, Reddy YN. 2011. Evaluation of oxidative stress and anti-oxidant status in rat serum following exposure of carbon nanotubes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 59:251–257.
  • Reynolds PR, Wasley KM, Allison CH. 2011. Diesel particulate matter induces receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) expression in pulmonary epithelial cells, and RAGE signaling influences NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Environ Health Perspect 119:332–336.
  • Rodríguez-Pascual F, Busnadiego O, Lagares D, Lamas S. 2011. Role of endothelin in the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Res 63:463–472.
  • Rosas-Hernández H, Jiménez-Badillo S, Martínez-Cuevas PP, Gracia-Espino E, Terrones H, Terrones M, Hussain SM, Ali SF, González C. 2009. Effects of 45-nm silver nanoparticles on coronary endothelial cells and isolated rat aortic rings. Toxicol Lett 191:305–313.
  • Ruan T, Ho CY, Kou YR. 2003. Afferent vagal pathways mediating respiratory reflexes evoked by ROS in the lungs of anesthetized rats. J Appl Physiol 94:1987–1998.
  • Ryan JJ, Bateman HR, Stover A, Gomez G, Norton SK, Zhao W, Schwartz LB, Lenk R, Kepley CL. 2007. Fullerene nanomaterials inhibit the allergic response. J Immunol 179:665–672.
  • Ryman-Rasmussen JP, Cesta MF, Brody AR, Shipley-Phillips JK, Everitt JI, Tewksbury EW, Moss OR, Wong BA, Dodd DE, Andersen ME, Bonner JC. 2009. Inhaled carbon nanotubes reach the subpleural tissue in mice. Nat Nanotechnol 4:747–751.
  • Saiki O, Kuhara M, Kikuchi N, Shiraishi S, Uda H. 2011. Evaluation of Lasting High Levels of CRP among the Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Inflammation.
  • Sanchez-Crespo A, Klepczynska-Nyström A, Lundin A, Larsson BM, Svartengren M. 2011. 111Indium-labeled ultrafine carbon particles; a novel aerosol for pulmonary deposition and retention studies. Inhal Toxicol 23:121–128.
  • Sannolo N, Lamberti M, Pedata P. 2010. Human health effects of ultrafine particles. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 32:348–351.
  • Scapellato ML. 2010. Individual exposure to particulate matter and autonomic activity in patients with myocardial infarction. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 32:344–347.
  • Scherbart AM, Langer J, Bushmelev A, van Berlo D, Haberzettl P, van Schooten FJ, Schmidt AM, Rose CR, Schins RP, Albrecht C. 2011. Contrasting macrophage activation by fine and ultrafine titanium dioxide particles is associated with different uptake mechanisms. Part Fibre Toxicol 8:31.
  • Schmitz J, Owyang A, Oldham E, Song Y, Murphy E, McClanahan TK, Zurawski G, Moshrefi M, Qin J, Li X, Gorman DM, Bazan JF, Kastelein RA. 2005. IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines. Immunity 23:479–490.
  • Schwartz PJ, Vanoli E, Stramba-Badiale M, De Ferrari GM, Billman GE, Foreman RD. 1988. Autonomic mechanisms and sudden death. New insights from analysis of baroreceptor reflexes in conscious dogs with and without a myocardial infarction. Circulation 78:969–979.
  • Scotland RS, Chauhan S, Davis C, De Felipe C, Hunt S, Kabir J, Kotsonis P, Oh U, Ahluwalia A. 2004. Vanilloid receptor TRPV1, sensory C-fibers, and vascular autoregulation: a novel mechanism involved in myogenic constriction. Circ Res 95:1027–1034.
  • Seaton A, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Godden D. 1995. Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet 345:176–178.
  • Semmler-Behnke M, Kreyling WG, Lipka J, Fertsch S, Wenk A, Takenaka S, Schmid G, Brandau W. 2008. Biodistribution of 1.4- and 18-nm gold particles in rats. Small 4:2108–2111.
  • Shannahan JH, Schladweiler MC, Thomas RF, Ward WO, Ghio AJ, Gavett SH, Kodavanti UP. 2012a. Vascular and thrombogenic effects of pulmonary exposure to Libby amphibole. J Toxicol Environ Health A 75:213–231.
  • Shannahan JH, Alzate O, Winnik WM, Andrews D, Schladweiler MC, Ghio AJ, Gavett SH, Kodavanti UP. 2012b. Acute phase response, inflammation and metabolic syndrome biomarkers of Libby asbestos exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2012.02.006.
  • Shwe TT, Yamamoto S, Kakeyama M, Kobayashi T, Fujimaki H. 2005. Effect of intratracheal instillation of ultrafine carbon black on proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine release and mRNA expression in lung and lymph nodes of mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 209:51–61.
  • Silva VM, Corson N, Elder A, Oberdörster G. 2005. The rat ear vein model for investigating in vivo thrombogenicity of ultrafine particles (UFP). Toxicol Sci 85:983–989.
  • Stone V, Johnston H, Clift MJ. 2007. Air pollution, ultrafine and nanoparticle toxicology: cellular and molecular interactions. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 6:331–340.
  • Strak M, Boogaard H, Meliefste K, Oldenwening M, Zuurbier M, Brunekreef B, Hoek G. 2010. Respiratory health effects of ultrafine and fine particle exposure in cyclists. Occup Environ Med 67:118–124.
  • Tang M, Zhang T, Xue Y, Wang S, Huang M, Yang Y, Lu M, Lei H, Kong L, Wang Y, Pu Y. 2011. Metabonomic studies of biochemical changes in the serum of rats by intratracheally instilled TiO2 nanoparticles. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 11:3065–3074.
  • Taylor-Clark TE, Undem BJ. 2011. Sensing pulmonary oxidative stress by lung vagal afferents. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 178:406–413.
  • Thomson E, Kumarathasan P, Goegan P, Aubin RA, Vincent R. 2005. Differential regulation of the lung endothelin system by urban particulate matter and ozone. Toxicol Sci 88:103–113.
  • Tong H, McGee JK, Saxena RK, Kodavanti UP, Devlin RB, Gilmour MI. 2009. Influence of acid functionalization on the cardiopulmonary toxicity of carbon nanotubes and carbon black particles in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 239:224–232.
  • Tong H, Cheng WY, Samet JM, Gilmour MI, Devlin RB. 2010. Differential cardiopulmonary effects of size-fractionated ambient particulate matter in mice. Cardiovasc Toxicol 10:259–267.
  • Totlandsdal AI, Skomedal T, Låg M, Osnes JB, Refsnes M. 2008. Pro-inflammatory potential of ultrafine particles in mono- and co-cultures of primary cardiac cells. Toxicology 247:23–32.
  • Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Maeda Y, Adachi T, Kinoshita M. 1994. Relation between endothelin-1 spillover in the lungs and pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 23:1427–1433.
  • Undem BJ, Hubbard W, Weinreich D. 1993. Immunologically induced neuromodulation of guinea pig nodose ganglion neurons. J Auton Nerv Syst 44:35–44.
  • Upadhyay S, Ganguly K, Stoeger T, Semmler-Bhenke M, Takenaka S, Kreyling WG, Pitz M, Reitmeir P, Peters A, Eickelberg O, Wichmann HE, Schulz H. 2010. Cardiovascular and inflammatory effects of intratracheally instilled ambient dust from Augsburg, Germany, in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Part Fibre Toxicol 7:27.
  • Upadhyay S, Stoeger T, Harder V, Thomas RF, Schladweiler MC, Semmler-Behnke M, Takenaka S, Karg E, Reitmeir P, Bader M, Stampfl A, Kodavanti UP, Schulz H. 2008. Exposure to ultrafine carbon particles at levels below detectable pulmonary inflammation affects cardiovascular performance in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 5:19.
  • Venteclef N, Jakobsson T, Steffensen KR, Treuter E. 2011. Metabolic nuclear receptor signaling and the inflammatory acute phase response. Trends Endocrinol Metab 22:333–343.
  • Wallenborn JG, Evansky P, Shannahan JH, Vallanat B, Ledbetter AD, Schladweiler MC, Richards JH, Gottipolu RR, Nyska A, Kodavanti UP. 2008. Subchronic inhalation of zinc sulfate induces cardiac changes in healthy rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 232:69–77.
  • Wallenborn JG, Kovalcik KD, McGee JK, Landis MS, Kodavanti UP. 2009. Systemic translocation of (70)zinc: kinetics following intratracheal instillation in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 234:25–32.
  • Wallenborn JG, McGee JK, Schladweiler MC, Ledbetter AD, Kodavanti UP. 2007. Systemic translocation of particulate matter-associated metals following a single intratracheal instillation in rats. Toxicol Sci 98:231–239.
  • Wang L, Wang L, Ding W, Zhang F. 2010. Acute toxicity of ferric oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 10:8617–8624.
  • Wang X, Katwa P, Podila R, Chen P, Ke PC, Rao AM, Walters DM, Wingard CJ, Brown JM. 2011. Multi-walled carbon nanotube instillation impairs pulmonary function in C57BL/6 mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 8:24.
  • Watkinson WP, Campen MJ, Nolan JP, Costa DL. 2001. Cardiovascular and systemic responses to inhaled pollutants in rodents: effects of ozone and particulate matter. Environ Health Perspect 109 Suppl 4:539–546.
  • Weinberg EO, Shimpo M, De Keulenaer GW, MacGillivray C, Tominaga S, Solomon SD, Rouleau JL, Lee RT. 2002. Expression and regulation of ST2, an interleukin-1 receptor family member, in cardiomyocytes and myocardial infarction. Circulation 106:2961–2966.
  • Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS. 2005. Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 115:1111–1119.
  • Weller CL, Collington SJ, Williams T, Lamb JR. 2011. Mast cells in health and disease. Clin Sci 120:473–484.
  • Wichers LB, Nolan JP, Winsett DW, Ledbetter AD, Kodavanti UP, Schladweiler MC, Costa DL, Watkinson WP. 2004. Effects of instilled combustion-derived particles in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Part I: Cardiovascular responses. Inhal Toxicol 16:391–405.
  • Widdicombe J, Lee LY. 2001. Airway reflexes, autonomic function, and cardiovascular responses. Environ Health Perspect 109 Suppl 4:579–584.
  • Wilhelmsen L, Svärdsudd K, Korsan-Bengtsen K, Larsson B, Welin L, Tibblin G. 1984. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 311:501–505.
  • Wilson DW, Aung HH, Lame MW, Plummer L, Pinkerton KE, Ham W, Kleeman M, Norris JW, Tablin F. 2010. Exposure of mice to concentrated ambient particulate matter results in platelet and systemic cytokine activation. Inhal Toxicol 22:267–276.
  • Wingard CJ, Walters DM, Cathey BL, Hilderbrand SC, Katwa P, Lin S, Ke PC, Podila R, Rao A, Lust RM, Brown JM. 2010. Mast cells contribute to altered vascular reactivity and ischemia-reperfusion injury following cerium oxide nanoparticle instillation. Nanotoxicology 5:531–545.
  • Yamaki K, Yoshino S. 2009. Comparison of inhibitory activities of zinc oxide ultrafine and fine particulates on IgE-induced mast cell activation. Biometals 22:1031–1040.
  • Yang W, Lee S, Lee J, Bae Y, Kim D. 2010. Silver nanoparticle-induced degranulation observed with quantitative phase microscopy. J Biomed Opt 15:045005.
  • Yazdi AS, Guarda G, Riteau N, Drexler SK, Tardivel A, Couillin I, Tschopp J. 2010. Nanoparticles activate the NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome and cause pulmonary inflammation through release of IL-1a and IL-1ß. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:19449–19454.
  • Yokohira M, Takeuchi H, Yamakawa K, Saoo K, Matsuda Y, Zeng Y, Hosokawa K, Imaida K. 2007. Bioassay by intratracheal instillation for detection of lung toxicity due to fine particles in F344 male rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 58:211–221.
  • Zhang J, Alcaide P, Liu L, Sun J, He A, Luscinskas FW, Shi GP. 2011. Regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression by mast cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. PLoS ONE 6:e14525.
  • Zhao J, Xie Y, Qian X, Jiang R, Song W. 2010. Acute effects of fine particles on cardiovascular system: differences between the spontaneously hypertensive rats and wistar kyoto rats. Toxicol Lett 193:50–60.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.