Dosimetric Issues Relating to Particulate Toxicity

References

• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 1992–1993 Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati 1992
   Google Scholar
• An Jilvel S., Asgharian B. A multiple-path model of particle deposition in the rat lung. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1994
   Google Scholar
• Bates D. V. Respiratory function in disease, 3rd ed. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1989; 558
   Google Scholar
• Bates D. V., Macklen P. T., Christie R. V. Respiratory function in disease, 2nd ed. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1971; 584
   Google Scholar
• Breysse P. N., Swift D. L. Inhalability of large particles into the human nasal passage: In vivo studies in still air. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1990; 13: 459–464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan T. L, Lippmann M. Experimental measurements andempirical modeling of the regional deposition of inhaled particles in humans. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1980; 41: 399–409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang H. K. Mechanisms of gas transport during ventilation by high-frequency oscillation. J. Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 1984; 56: 553–563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow J. C, Watson J. G., Lowenthal D. H., Solomon P. A., Magliano K. L, Ziman S. D., Richards L. W. PM-10 and PM-25 compositions in California's San Joaquin Valley. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1993; 18: 105–128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockery D. W., Pope C. A., III. Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 1994; 15: 107–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrity T. R., Lee P. S., Hass F. J., Marinelli A., Werner P., Lourenco R. V. Calculated deposition of inhaled particles in the airway generations of normal subJects. J. Appl. Physiol. Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 1979; 47(4J)867–873
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hering S. V., Friedlander S. K. Origins of aerosol sulfur size distributions in the Los Angeles basin. Atmos. Environ. 1982; 16: 2647–2656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John W., Wall S. M., Ondo J. L., Winklmayr W. Modes in the size distributions of atmospheric inorganic aerosol. Atmos. Environ. 1990; 24A: 2349–2359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C. S., Lewars G. A., Sackner M. A. Measurement of total lung aerosol deposition as an index of lung abnormality. J. Appl. Physiol. 1988; 64: 1527–1536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippmann M., Yeates D. B., Alvert R. E. Deposition, retention, and clearance of inhaled particles. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1980; 37: 337–362
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menache M. G., Miller F. J., Raabe O. G. Particle inhalability curves for humans and small laboratory animals. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1995, in press
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meng Z., Seinfeld J. H. On the source of the submicrometer droplet mode of urban and regional aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1994; 20: 253–265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer R. R., An Jilvel S., Miller F. J., Crapo J. D. Inhomogeneity of ventilatory unit volume and its effects on reactive gas uptake. J. Appl. Physiol. 1991; 70: 2193–2205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer R. R., Russell M. L., Crapo J. D. Alveolar septal structure in different species. J. Appl. Physiol. 1994; 77: 1060–1066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller F. J., Gardner D. E., Graham J. A., Lee R. E., Wilson W. E., Bachman J. D. Size considerations for establishing a standard for inhalable particles. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1979; 29(6)610–615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller F. J., Martonen T. B., Menache M. G., Graham R. C, Spektor D. M., Lippmann M. Influence of breathing mode and activity level on the regional deposition of inhaled particles and implications for regulatory standards. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1988; 32(S1J)3–10
   Google Scholar
• Morrow P. E. Possible mechanisms to explain dust overloading of the lungs. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1988; 10: 369–384
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrow P. E. Contemporary issues in toxicology. Dust overloading of the lungs: Update and appraisal. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1992; 113: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council, Subcommittee on Airborne Particles. Airborne particles. National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1977
   Google Scholar
• Overton J. H., Graham R. C, Miller F. J. A model of the regional uptake of gaseous pollutants in the lung. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1987; 88: 418–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raabe O. C, Yeh H. C, Schum G. M., Phalen R. F. Tracheobronchial geometry: Human, dog, rat, hamster–A compilation of selected data from the proJect respiratory tract deposition models. Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 1976
   Google Scholar
• Raabe O. G., Yeh H. C, Newton G. J., Phalen R. F., Velasquez D. J. Deposition of inhaled monodisperse aerosols in small rodents. Inhaled Particles IV, W. H. Walton. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1977; 3–21
   Google Scholar
• Raabe O. G., Al-Bayati M. A., Treague S. V., Rasolt A. Regional deposition of inhaled monodisperse coarse and fine aerosol particles in small laboratory animals. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1988; 32(S1J)53–63
   Google Scholar
• Schiller C. F., Gebhart J., Heyder J., Rudolf G., Stahlhofen W. Factors influencing total deposition of ultrafine aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci. 1986; 17(3)328–332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiller C. F., Gebhart J., Heyder J., Rudolf G., Stahlhofen W. Deposition of monodisperse insoluble aerosol particles in the 0.005 to 0.2 J Am size range within the human respiratory tract. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1988; 32: 41–49
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger R. B. Comparative deposition of inhaled aerosols in experimental animals and humans: A review. I. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1985; 15: 197–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlesinger R. B. The interaction of inhaled toxicants with respiratory tract clearance mechanisms. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1990; 20: 257–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schum G. M., Yeh H. C. Theoretical evaluation of aerosol deposition in anatomical models of mammalian lung airways. Bull. Math. Biol. 1980; 42: 1–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz J. Air pollution and daily mortality: a review and meta-analysis. Environ. Res. 1994; 64: 36–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speizer F. E. Studies of acid aerosols in six cities and in a new multi-city investigation: Design issues. Environ. Health Perspect 1989; 79: 61–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahlhofen W. Regional deposition of inhalable particles in humans. Aerosols: Research, risk assessment and control strategies, S. D. Lee, T. Schneider, L. D. Grant, P. J. Verkerk. Lewis, Chelsea, Ml 1986; 521–540, Reading of the Second US-Dutch International Symposium, Williamsburg, VA
   Google Scholar
• Stahlhofen W., Gebhart J., Scheuch G. Aerosol boluses. Susceptibility to Inhaled Pollutants, ASTM STP 1024, M. J. Utell, R. Frank. Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia 1989; 127–138
   Google Scholar
• Stone K. C, Mercer R. R., Gehr P., Stockstill B., Crapo J. D. Allometric relationships of cell numbers and size in the mammalian lung. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1992; 6: 235–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin M. J., Chadha T. S., Jenouri G., Birch S. J., Gazeroglu H. B., Sackner M. A. Breathing patterns 2. Diseased subJects. Chest 1983; 84: 286–294
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Respiratory tract deposition and fate of inhaled aerosols and sulfur dioxide. Air quality criteria for particulate matter and sulfur oxides. ECAO, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 1982, Vol. III, EPA-600J8–22–019
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Second Addendum to Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides 1982: Assessment of Newly Available Health Effects Information. EPAJ600J8–86J020F. Washington, DC 1986
   Google Scholar
• U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. An Acid Aerosols Issue: Health Effects and Aerometrics. EPAJ600J8–88J005F. Washington, DC 1989
   Google Scholar
• Utell M. J., Samet J. M. Particulate air pollution and health. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1993; 147: 1334–1335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall S. M., John W., Ondo J. L. Atmos. Environ. 1988; 22: 1649–1656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weibel E. R. Morphometry of the human lung. Academic Press, New York 1963
   Google Scholar
• Yeh H. C, Schum G. M., Duggan M. T. Anatomic models of the tracheobronchial and pulmonary regions of the rat. Anat. Rec. 1979; 195: 483–492
   PubMedGoogle Scholar