1,017
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Fusional Vergence Measures and Their Significance in Clinical Assessment

, PhD, DBO
Pages 48-57 | Received 17 Aug 2009, Accepted 27 Jan 2010, Published online: 03 Jun 2010

REFERENCES

  • Schor CM. The relationship between fusional vergence eye movements and fixation disparity. Vision Res. 1979;19:1359–1367.
  • Carter DB. Fixation disparity and heterophoria following prolonged wearing of prisms. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1965;42:141–151.
  • Pickwell LD, Kurtz BH. Lateral short-term prism adaptation in clinical evaluation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1986;6:67–73.
  • North RV, Henson DB. The effect of orthoptic treatment upon the vergence adaptation mechanism. Optom Vis Sci. 1992;69:294–299.
  • Scobee RG, Green EL. Relationships between lateral heterophoria, prism vergence and the near point of convergence. Am J Ophthalmol. 1948;31:427−441.
  • Tait EF. Fusional vergence. Am J Ophthalmol. 1949;32:1223–1230.
  • Narbheram J, Firth AY. Prism fusion range: blur point, break point and recovery point. Br Orthopt J. 1997;54:2−6.
  • Hainey J, Cleary M, Wright L. Does ocular dominance influence the clinical measurement of fusional amplitude? Br Orthopt J. 1999;56:72−76.
  • Rosenfield M, Ciuffreda KJ, Ong E, Super S. Vergence adaptation and the order of clinical vergence range testing. Optom Vis Sci. 1995;72:219−223.
  • Jimenez R, Perez MA, Garcia JA, Gonzalez MD. Statistical normal values of visual parameters that characterize binocular function in children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2004;24:528−542.
  • Sethi B, North RV. Vergence adaptive changes with varying magnitudes of prism induced disparities and fusional amplitudes. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1987;6:151−156.
  • Carter DB. Effects of prolonged wearing of prisms. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1963;40:265−273.
  • Wesson MD. Normalization of prism bar vergences. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1982;59:628−634.
  • Wesson MD, Amos JF. Norms for hand-held rotary prism vergences. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1985;62:88−94.
  • Scheiman M, Herzberg H, Frantz K, Margolies M. A normative study of step vergence in elementary school children. J Am Optom Assoc. 1989;60:276−280.
  • Antona B, Barrio A, Barra F, Gonzalez E, Sanchez I. Repeatability and agreement in the measurement of horizontal fusional vergences. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2008;28:475−491.
  • Von Noorden GK, Campos EC. Binocular vision and ocular motility. Theory and Management of Strabismus. 6th edition. Mosby, 2002.
  • Sethi B. Vergence adaptation: a review. Documenta Ophthalmologica. 1986;63:247−263.
  • Morgan MW. The clinical aspects of accommodation and convergence. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1944;21:301−313.
  • Tuff LC, Firth AY, Griffiths HJ. Prism vergence measurements following adaptation to a base out prism. Br Orthopt J. 2000;57:42−44.
  • Goldstein JH, Hornblass A, Clahane AC. Effect of peripheral vision on the binocular relationship: a further study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1968;66:86.
  • Gall R, Wick B. The symptomatic patient with normal phorias at distance and near: what tests detect a binocular vision problem? Optometry. 2003;74:309.
  • Sheedy JE, Saladin JJ. Association of symptoms with measures of oculomotor deficiencies. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1978;55:670−676.
  • Sheedy JE, Saladin JJ. Phoria, vergence and fixation disparity in oculomotor problems. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1977;54:474−478.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.