REFERENCES
- McLinden M, McCall S. Learning Through Touch: Supporting Children With Visual Impairment and Additional Difficulties. London: David Fulton Publishers, 2002.
- Eichel V J. Mannerisms of the blind: a review of the literature. J Vis Impair Blind. 1978;72:125–129.
- Bigelow A. Blindness. Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Child Development. 2005. http://www.credoreference.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/entry/cupchilddev/blindness. Accessed September 29, 2009.
- Thurrell RJ, Rice DG. Eye rubbing in blind children: application of a sensory deprivation model. Exceptional Children. 1970;36:325–330.
- Hyvärinen L. Development of vision in visually impaired children. Doc Ophthalmol Proc Ser. 1986;45:63–66.
- Tröster H, Brambring M, Beelmann A. The age dependence of stereotyped behaviors in blind infants and preschoolers. Child Care Health Dev. 1991;17:137–157.
- Webster A, Roe J. Children with Visual Impairments: Social Interaction, Language and Learning. London: Routledge, 1998.
- Eichel VJ. A taxonomy for mannerisms of blind children. J Vis Impair Blind. 1979;73:167–178.
- Kravitz H, Boehm JJ. Rhythmic habit patterns in infancy: their sequence, age of onset, and frequency. Child Development. 1971;42:399–413.
- Jan JE, Groenveld M. Visual behaviors and adaptations associated with cortical and ocular impairment in children. J Vis Impair Blind. 1993;87:101–105.
- Jan JE, Groenveld M, Sykanda AM. Light-gazing by visually impaired children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1990;32:755–759.
- Afshari MA, Afshari NA. Fulton AB. Cortical visual impairment in infants and children. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1991;41:159–169.
- Jan JE, Good WV, Freeman RD, Espezel H. Eye-poking. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:321–325.
- Fazzi E, Lanners J, Danova S, Ferrarri-Ginevra O, Gheza C, Luparia A, Balottin U, Lanzi G. Stereotyped behaviors in blind children. Brain Dev. 1999;21:522–528.
- Berkson G, Tupa M. Early development of stereotypes and self-injurious behaviors. J Early Interv. 2000;23:1–19.
- Jan JE, Freeman RD, McCormick AQ, Scott EP, Robertson WD, Newman DE. Eye-pressing by visually impaired children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1983;25:755–762.
- Fielder AR, Best AB, Bax MCO. The Management of Visual Impairment in Childhood. London: Mac Keith Press, 1993.
- Jan JE, Groenveld M, Anderson DP. Photophobia and cortical visual impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1993;35:473–477.
- Desmond MM, Wilson GS, Melnick JL, Singer DB, Zion TE, Rudolph AJ, Pineda RG, Ziai MH, Blattner RJ. Congenital rubella encephalitis: course and early sequelae. J Pediatr. 1967;71:311–331.
- Jan JE, Groenveld M, Sykanda AM, Hoyt CS. Behavioral characteristics of children with permanent cortical visual impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1987;29:571–576.
- Jan JE, Freeman RD, Scott EP. Visual Impairment in Children and Adolescent. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1977.
- McHugh E, Lieberman L. The impact of developmental factors in stereotypic rocking of children with visual impairments. J Vis Impair Blind. 2003;97:453–474.
- Tröster H, Brambring M, Beelmann A. Prevalence and situational causes of stereotyped behaviors in blind infants and preschoolers. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1991b;19:569–587.
- Hoshmand LT. “Blindisms”: some observations and propositions. Education of the Visually Handicapped. 1975;7:56–60.
- Thelen E. Rhythmical stereotypies in normal human infants. Animal Behavior. 1979;27:699–715.
- Gal E, Dyck MJ. Stereotyped movements among children who are visually impaired. J Vis Impair Blind. 2009;103:754–765
- Knight JJ. Mannerisms in the congenitally blind child. New Outlook for the Blind. 1972;9:297–301
- Tirosh E, Shnitzer MR, Davidovitch M, Cohen A. Behavioral problems among visually impaired between 6 months and 5 years. Int J Rehabil Res. 1998;21:63–70.
- Clunies-Ross L, Franklin A. Where have all the children gone? An analysis of the new statistical data on visual impairment amongst children in England, Scotland and Wales. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;15:48–53.
- Brambring M, Tröster H. On the stability of stereotyped behaviors in blind infants and preschoolers. J Vis Impair Blind. 1992;86:105–110.
- Good WV. Behaviors of visually impaired children. Semin Ophthalmol. 1991;6(4):158–160.