449
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Clinical Outcomes of Botulinum Toxin Injection in Patients with Cerebral Palsy and Esotropia

, MD, , MD, , MD, , MD & , MD
Pages 8-13 | Received 06 Mar 2014, Accepted 01 Dec 2014, Published online: 19 Mar 2015

REFERENCES

  • William B. Carey, ed. Developmental-behavioral pediatrics. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier; 2009:264
  • Habot-Wilner Z, Spierer A, Glovinsky J, Wygnanski-Jaffe T. Bilateral medial rectus muscle recession: results in children with developmental delay compared with normally developed children. J AAPOS 2006;10:150–154
  • de Alba Campomanes AG, Binenbaum G, Campomanes Eguiarte G. Comparison of botulinum toxin with surgery as primary treatment for infantile esotropia. J AAPOS 2010;14:111–116
  • Griffiths MI, Smith VH. Squint in relation to cerebral palsy: visual disorders and cerebral palsy. London: Medical Books Ltd; 1963:37
  • Pickering JD, Simon JW, Lininger LL, et al. Exaggerated effect of bilateral medial rectus recession in developmentally delayed children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1994;31:374–377
  • Holman RE, Merritt JC. Infantile esotropia: results in the neurologic impaired and “normal” child at MCNH (six years). J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1986;23:41–44
  • Raab EL, Aaby AA, Bloom JN, et al. Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus. Section 6. In: 2011–2012 basic and clinical science course. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2012 163–164
  • Baggesen K, Arnljot HM. Treatment of congenital esotropia with botulinum toxin type A. Acta Ophthalmol 2011;89:484–488
  • Malgorzata M, Wojciech K, Alina BŁ, Artur B. Botulinum toxin injection as primary treatment for esotropia in patients with cerebral palsy. Klin Oczna 2013;115:13–14
  • Petrushkin H, Oyewole K, Jain S. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of early-onset esotropia in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2012;49:125
  • Cronemberger MF, Mendonca TS, Bicas HE. Botulinum toxin treatment for horizontal strabismus in children with cerebral palsy. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2006;69:523–529
  • Marasini S, Paudel N, Adhikari P, Shrestha JB, Bowan MD. Ocular manifestations in children with cerebral palsy. Optometry & Vision Development 2011;42:178
  • Benabent EC, Garcia Hermosa P, Arrazola MT, Alio y Sanz JL. Botulinum toxin injection without electromyographic assistance. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2002;39:231–234
  • Elston JS. Is botulinum toxin helpful in squint management? Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:105–106
  • Scott AB, Magoon EH, McNeer KW, Stager DR. Botulinum treatment of childhood strabismus. Ophthalmology 1990;97:1434–1438
  • Harry P, Kehinde O, Saurabh J. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of early-onset esotropia in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2012;49:125
  • Levy NS, Cassin B, Newman M. Strabismus in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Ophthalmol 1976;13:72–74
  • Hiles DA, Wallar PH, McFarlane F. Current concepts in the management of strabismus in children with cerebral palsy. Ann Ophthalmol 1975;7:789–798
  • Pigassou–Albouy R, Fleming A. Amblyopia and strabismus in patients with cerebral palsy. Ann Ophthalmol 1975;7:382–387
  • Scott AB. Botulinum toxin injection into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery. Ophthalmology 1980;87:1044–1049
  • Scott AB, Rosenbaum AL, Collins CC. Pharmacologic weakening of extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol 1973;12:924–927
  • Elston JS, Lee JP, Powell CM, et al. Treatment of strabismus in adults with botulinum toxin A. Br J Ophthalmol 1985;69:718–724
  • Rowe FJ, Noonan CP. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of strabismus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(2):CD006499

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.