The Physiologist Ewald Hering (1834–1918): Curriculum vitae

REFERENCES

• The early modern university was preceded by the medieval, while the classic was replaced by the present “post-classic”. The author follows here a representation of P. Moraw (Der deutsche Professor vom 14. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert. Mitteilungen der Alexander-von-Humboldt-Stiftung AvH-Magazin 72, 15–26, 1998), who described the different image of the German professor within the four university forms
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• The Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Collection of Freud's papers, container 6: Bride letters
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• Lesky E: Die Wiener Medizinische Schule im 19. Jahrhundert. Graz 1965, p. 247
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• Koerting W: Die Deutsche Universität in Prag. Die letzten hundert Jahre ihrer Medizinischen Fakultät. Bonn, 1968; Biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Medizinischen Fakultät in Prag 1883 – 1945 (L. Hlaváčková u. P. Svobodný, Hg.). Prag 1998
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• Hering E: Das Physiologische Institut in Festschrift zur Feier des 500jährigen Bestehens der Universität Leipzig herausgegeben von Rektor und Senat. 3. Band. Leipzig 1909
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• Hurvich LM: Hering and the scientific establishment. American Psychologist 24, 497–514,1969; Turner RS: In the eye’s Mind. Vision and the Helmholtz-Hering Controversy. Princeton 1994, Chapter 8
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• Letter of Hering to the Direcor of the Josephinum, Österreichisches Staatsarchiv. Kriegsarchiv Ministry of War 1865 14. Sect. 5–7/5
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• Helmholtz has probably not spoken such a judgment publicly. It is found in a letter to his friend du Bois-Reymond, 13. 2. 1865 and reads. “Mr. E. Hering made me very angry with his impolite manner, to judge other people's work, that he has not even taken the trouble, to some extent, to properly understand. But I would not treat him unjust, because he is an intelligent man in his way, although he is on a deviant course at the time, and because at least he works out his position consistently. In addition he has been, as I am told, formerly insane, and that held me back to set him right, as he would have deserved at times.” Letter No. 97 in Kirsten, Ch. (ed.): Dokumente einer Freundschaft. Briefwechsel zwischen Hermann von Helmholtz und Emil du Bois-Reymond 1846–1894. Berlin 1986
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• Reprinted in Knoll, Ph.: Beiträge zur heimischen Zeitgeschichte. Herausgegeben von der Gesellschaft zur Förderung deutscher Wissenschaft, Kunst und Literatur in Böhmen. Prag 1900
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• Quoted in Garten S: Ewald Hering zum Gedächtnis. Pflügers Archiv 1918;170:501–522, p. 511
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• Rothschuh, K.E.: Geschichte der Physiologie. Berlin 1953, p.190
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• Turner calls him a “vicious polemicist.” Turner RS: In the Eye’s Mind. Vision and the Helmholtz-Hering Controversy. Princeton 1994
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• Hering E. Ueber die von der Farbenempfindlichkeit unabhängige Aenderung der Weissempfindlichkeit. Nach Versuchen von A. Brückner und E. Hering. Pflüger’s Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie des Menschen und der Thiere 1903;94:533–554
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• Richard Semon (1859–1918), zoologist and physician first taught normal and comparative anatomy in Jena; later lived as a private scholar in Munich. Semon, R: Die Mneme als erhaltendes Prinzip im Wechsel des organischen Geschehens. Leipzig 1904; 3rd ed. 1911
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• Jürg Schatzmann (1968) has also reconstructed, in a dissertation on Richard Semon Semon on publications from postal and other sources, the reactions of his contemporaries, including Hering, Schatzmann, J: Richard Semon (1859–1918) und seine Mnemetheorie. Dissertation an der Medizinischen Fakultät. Zürich 1968
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• Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939) was a psychiatrist in Zurich; he presented his views in 1932 as part of a comprehensive presentation at the 92nd Meeting of the Society of German Naturalists and Physicians: Bleuler, E: Die Mneme als Grundlage des Lebens und der Psyche. Naturwissenschaften 21, 100–109, 1933
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• Turner RS: In the Eye’s Mind. Vision and the Helmholtz-Hering Controversy. Princeton 1994, Chapter 14
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• Von Kries J: Die Gesichtsempfindungen in: Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen (Nagel W, ed.). III. Physiologie der Sinne, Braunschweig, 1905, p. 269. In other areas of psychophysics no longer the controversy, but the legacy of both parties is used, for example, in debates on the simultaneous contrast (Kingdom F: Simultaneous contrast: the legacies of Hering and Helmholtz. Perception 26, 673–677, 1997)
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• An additive color mixture has nothing to do with what makes a painter on his palette by mixing pigments; it is rather the mixture of colored light by superimposing projection on a screen or by superposition of pixels (eg, by interleaving the image height) on the color monitor
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• A dichromate would only need two of these colors
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• These are, for example, occurring in a rainbow of colors from purple to blue, green, yellow, orange to red
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• 'Color matching functions' is illustrative. The exact configuration of the curves depends on the choice of the primaries. The underlying color color equations be based on a equal-energy spectrum, as a rule
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• König A and Dieterici C: Die Grundempfindungen in normalen und anomalen Farbensystemen und ihre Intensitätsverteilung im Spectrum. Zeitschrift für Sinnesphysiologie [Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane] 4, 241–347, 1892. This is the most commonly cited work, which has a number of precursors. By Henry Head a personal encounter between Hering and König has been described, Hering had traveled especially to Berlin to meet König. Head had accompanied Hering on this trip and was present when Hering tried to persuade König of his methods unsuccessfully (Typescript autobiography of Henry Head (ca.1926); Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine. Archives and Manuscripts [PP/HEA A1] p.60)
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• The number “three” applies to trichromates. The natural genetic variation in the L-pigment that can cause women to have four cone pigments cannot be discussed here
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• Perhaps it is helpful here again to point out the conceptual difference between color as a physical magnitude, and color perception, a content of consciousness
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• Franciscus Donders (1818–1889) was one of the best known Dutch physiologists, who also practiced as an ophthalmologist in Utrecht and performed several studies in the field of physiological optics
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• Hering E. Kritik einer Abhandlung von Donders “Über Farbensysteme”. Lotos, Jahrbuch der Naturwissenschaft. Neue Folge. 2, 69–101, 1882
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• Hillebrand F: Ueber die specifische Helligkeit der Farben. Beiträge zur Psychologie der Gesichtsempfindungen. in Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abtheilung III, Bd. 98, 74–122, 1889
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• Hering E. Untersuchung eines total Farbenblinden. Pflüger’s Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie des Menschen und der Thiere. 49. 563–608, 1891
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• Von Kries J: Zur Theorie des Tages- und Dämmerungssehens in Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie (Bethe A, von Bergmann G, Embden G und Ellinger A, eds.), vol XII/1 Receptionsorgane II, Photoreceptoren I, pp. 679–713, Berlin 1929
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• Modern versions of opponent colors theory were, among others, formulated by Krantz DH: Color measurement and color theory. II. Opponent-colors theory. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 12, 304–327, 1975, and Scheibner H: Opponent-Color Vision in Relation to Perceptual Criteria. Die Farbe 34, 243–252, 1987
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• With its hue, a color is not fully characterized; also saturation and brightness need to be considered in a complete color coding
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• Brückner A: Zur Frage der Eichung von Farbensystemen. Zeitschrift für Sinnesphysiologie [Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane, Abteilung 2] 58, 322–362, 1926/27
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• They could therefore probably not because they did not have the necessary spectral color mixing apparatus
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• Jameson D and Hurvich LM: Some quantitative aspects of an opponent-colors theory. I. Chromatic responses and spectral saturation. Journal of the Optical Society of America 45, 546–552, 1955, and Hurvich, L.M. and Jameson, D: Some quantitative aspects of an opponent-colors theory. II. Brightness, saturation, and hue in normal and dichromatic vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America 45, 602–616, 1955. These two authors have translated Hering “fundamentals of the theory of light sense” (1920) translated into English in 1964 (published by Harvard University Press)
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• For instance in Wyszecki G and Stiles WS: Color Science. Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formula. 2nd Edition. New York 1982, Section 5.13. Here are also critics of the investigations of Hurvich and Jameson
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• Hering E: Zur Lehre vom Lichtsinne. VI. Grundzüge einer Theorie des Farbensinnes. SBAW Abth. III, Bd. 70, 169–204, 1875 p. 172
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• Obituary by Gouras P: Gunnar Svaetichin. 1915–1981. Vision Research 22, 339–340, 1982. In addition, was released in 1982 a collection of essays entitled “The S-potential” to remember Svaetichin, who discovered signals from retinal neurons
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• Svaetichin G: Spectral response curves from single cones. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 39, Supplement 134, 17–46, 1956; MacNichol Jr., E.J. and Svaetichin, G.: Electrical responses from the isolated retinas of fishes. American Journal of Ophthalomology 46, 26–40, 1958
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• Werblin FS and Dowling JE: Organization of the retina of the mudpuppy. II. Intracellular recording. Journal of Neurophysiology 32, 339–355, 1969; Kaneko, A.: Physiological and morphological identification of horizontal, bipolar and amacrine cells in goldfish retina. Journal of Physiology 207, 623–633, 1970
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• Wald G. Diskussionsbemerkung zur Vortragsfassung der Arbeit MacNichol and Svaetichin (1958). American Journal of Ophthalmology 1958; 46:45
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• DeValois RL, Abramov I and Jacobs GH: Analysis of response patterns of LGN cells. Journal of the Optical Society of America 56, 966–977, 1966; for a review, see DeValois RL and Jacobs GH: Neural mechanisms of color vision in Handbook of Physiology. Section 1: The Nervous System, Volume III. Sensory Processes Part 1, Chapter 10. Bethesda, Maryland 1984
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• Valberg A. Unique hues: an old problem for a new generation. Vision Research 2001; 41:1645–1657
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• Popper KR: Logik der Forschung. 3rd edition, Tübingen 1969, Chapter X
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