Statin Use and the Risk of Age Related Macular Degeneration in a Large Health Organization in Israel

REFERENCES

• Klaver C, Wolfs R, Vingerling J. Age-specific prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in an older population: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman HR, Chan CC, Ferris FL, 3rd Chew, EY. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet 2008;372(9652):1835–1845.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Congdon N, O’Colmain B, Klaver CC, Klein R, Munoz B, Friedman DS, Kempen J, Taylor HR, Mitchell P. Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122(4):477–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jager R, Mieler W, Miller J. Age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2606–2617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord SR, Dayhew J. Visual risk factors for falls in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49(5):508–515.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pascolini D, Mariotti SP, Pokharel GP, Pararajasegaram R, Etya’ale D, Negrel AD, Resnikoff S. 2002 global update of available data on visual impairment: a compilation of population-based prevalence studies. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2004;11(2):67–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman DS, O’Colmain BJ, Munoz B, Tomany SC, McCarty C, de Jong PT, Nemesure B, Mitchell P, Kempen J. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122(4):564–572.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, Lee AJ, Chia EM, Smith W, Cumming RG, Mitchell P. Ten-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2007;114:92–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Knudtson MD, Meuer SM, Swift M, Gangnon RE. Fifteen-year cumulative incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2007;114(2):253–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson LV, Anderson DH. Age-related macular degeneration and the extracellular matrix. N Engl J Med 2004;351(4):320–322.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seddon JM, George S, Rosner B, Rifai N. Progression of age-related macular degeneration: prospective assessment of C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and other cardiovascular biomarkers. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:774–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vine AK, Stader J, Branham K, Musch DC, Swaroop A. Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease as risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2005;112(12):2076–2080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarbin M. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:598–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciulla TA. Evolving pathophysiological paradigms for age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85(5):510–512.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalayoglu M, Bula D, Arroyo J. Identification of Chlamydia pneumoniae within human choroidal neovascular membranes secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005;243:1080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman J. Endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis. Harvey Lect 1996;92:65–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor: basic science and clinical progress. Endocr Rev 2004;25(4):581–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman L, Neborsky R. Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: an update. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2002;13:174.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara N, Henzel W. Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989;161:851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boekhoorn S, Vingerling J, Witteman J. C-reactive 20 protein level and risk of aging macula disorder: The Rotterdam Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:1396.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaumberg D, Christen W, Buring J. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, other markers of inflammation, and the incidence of macular degeneration in women. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davignon J, Leiter LA. Ongoing clinical trials of the pleiotropic effects of statins. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2005;1(1):29–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shafiq N, Malhotra S, Pandhi P, Grover A. The “Statinth” wonder of the world a panacea for all illnesses or a bubble about to burst. J Negat Results Biomed 2005;4:3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nissen S, Nicholls S, Sipahi I. Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. JAMA 2006;295:1556–1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson KE. The JUPITER trial: how will it change clinical practice? Rev Cardiovasc Med 2009;10(2):91–96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352(16):1685–1695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev V, Chodick G, Silber H, Kokia E, Jan J, Heymann A. Continuation of statin treatment and all-cause mortality: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:260–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodick G, Heymann AD, Flash S, Kokia E, Shalev V. Persistence with statins and incident cataract: a population-based historical cohort study. Ann Epidemiol 2010; 20(2):136–142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shalev V, Chodick G, Silber H, Kokia E, Jan J, Heymann AD. Continuation of statin treatment, and all-cause mortality: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2009;169(3):260–268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Israel Central Bureau of Statistics: 1995 Census of Population and Housing Jerusalem. 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Chodick G, Heymann AD, Shalev V, Kookia E. The epidemiology of diabetes in a large Israeli HMO. Eur J Epidemiol 2003;18:1143–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valuck R, Williams S, MacArthur M, Saseen J, Nair K, McCollum M, Ensor J. A retrospective cohort study of correlates of response to pharmacologic therapy for hyperlipidemia in members of a managed care organization. Clin Ther 2003;25:2936–2957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer J, Schultz J, O’Donnell J, Patel P, Sasane R. Patterns and effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapies in a managed care environment Value in Health 2005;8:601–612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones P, Kafonek S, Laurora I, Hunninghake D. Comparative dose efficacy study of atorvastatin versus simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia (the CURVES study). Am J Cardiol 1998;81:582–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dujovne C, Knopp R, Kwiterovich P, Hunninghake D, McBride T, Poland M. Randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of cerivastatin and pravastatin in 1030 hypercholesterolemic patients: the Cerivastatin Study Group. May Clin Proc 2000;75:1124–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall NF, Gale CR, Syddall H, Phillips DI, Martyn CN. Risk of macular degeneration in users of statins: cross sectional study. BMJ 2001;323(7309):375–376.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCarty CA, Mukesh BN, Guymer RH, Baird PN, Taylor HR. Cholesterol-lowering medications reduce the risk of age-related maculopathy progression. Med J Aust 2001;175(6):340.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Leeuwen R, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, de Jong PT, Stricker BH. Cholesterol lowering drugs and risk of age related maculopathy: prospective cohort study with cumulative exposure measurement. BMJ 2003;326(7383):255–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Jensen SC, Cruickshanks KJ, Lee KE, Danforth LG, Tomany SC. Medication use and the 5-year incidence of early age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119(9):1354–1359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Leeuwen R, Tomany SC, Wang JJ, Klein R, Mitchell P, Hofman A, Klein BE, Vingerling JR, Cumming RG, de Jong PT. Is medication use associated with the incidence of early age-related maculopathy? Pooled findings from 3 continents. Ophthalmology 2004;111(6):1169–1175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomany SC, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein R, Klein BE, Knudtson MD. Sunlight and the 10-year incidence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122(5):750–757.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maguire MG, Ying GS, McCannel CA, Liu C, Dai Y. Statin use and the incidence of advanced age-related macular degeneration in the Complications of Age-related Macular Degeneration Prevention Trial. Ophthalmology 2009;116(12):2381–2385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE. Relation of smoking to the incidence of age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147(2):103–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seddon JM, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration in women. JAMA 1996;276(14):1141–1146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Manson JE, Ajani UA, Buring JE. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of age-related macular degeneration in men. JAMA 1996;276(14):1147–1151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan JS, Mitchell P, Rochtchina E, Wang JJ. Statins and the long-term risk of incident age-related macular degeneration: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;143(4):685–687.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan JC, Thurlby DA, Shahid H, Clayton DG, Yates JR, Bradley M, Moore AT, Bird AC. Smoking and age related macular degeneration: the number of pack years of cigarette smoking is a major determinant of risk for both geographic atrophy and choroidal neovascularisation. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90(1):75–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clemons TE, Milton RC, Klein R, Seddon JM, Ferris FL 3rd. Risk factors for the incidence of advanced age-related macular degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) AREDS report no. 19. Ophthalmology 2005;112(4):533–539.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delcourt C, Diaz JL, Ponton-Sanchez A, Papoz L. Smoking and age-related macular degeneration. The POLA Study. Pathologies Oculaires Liees a l’Age. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116(8):1031–1035.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Topouzis F, Anastasopoulos E, Augood C, Bentham GC, Chakravarthy U, de Jong PT, Rahu M, Seland J, Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L, et al. Association of diabetes with age-related macular degeneration in the EUREYE study. Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93(8):1037–1041.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan JS, Mitchell P, Smith W, Wang JJ. Cardiovascular risk factors and the long-term incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2007;114(6):1143–1150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Leeuwen R, Ikram MK, Vingerling JR, Witteman JC, Hofman A, de Jong PT. Blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and the incidence of age-related maculopathy: the Rotterdam Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44(9):3771–3777.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delcourt C, Michel F, Colvez A, Lacroux A, Delage M, Vernet MH. Associations of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors with age-related macular degeneration: the POLA study. Ophthal Epidemiol 2001;8(4):237–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vingerling JR, Dielemans I, Bots ML, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, de Jong PT. Age-related macular degeneration is associated with atherosclerosis. The Rotterdam Study. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142(4):404–409.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. A case-control study in the age-related eye disease study: Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 3. Ophthalmology 2000;107(12):2224–2232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Franke T. The relationship of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors to age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1993;100(3):406–414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein R, Clegg L, Cooper LS, Hubbard LD, Klein BE, King WN, Folsom AR. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117(9):1203–1210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Marino EK, Kuller LH, Furberg C, Burke GL, Hubbard LD. Early age-related maculopathy in the cardiovascular health study. Ophthalmology 2003;110(1):25–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith W, Assink J, Klein R, Mitchell P, Klaver CC, Klein BE, Hofman A, Jensen S, Wang JJ, de Jong PT. Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: pooled findings from three continents. Ophthalmology 2001;108(4):697–704.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Tomany SC, Cruickshanks KJ. The association of cardiovascular disease with the long-term incidence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam eye study. Ophthalmology 2003;110(4):636–643.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Tomany SC, Cruickshanks KJ. The association of cardiovascular disease with the long-term incidence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2003;110(6):1273–1280.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chodick G, Shalev V, Gerber Y, Heymann AD, Silber H, Simah V, Kokia E. Long-term persistence with statin treatment in a not-for-profit health maintenance organization: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Israel. Clin Therapeut 2008;30(11):2167–2179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar