Cardiovascular risk assessment with oxidised LDL measurement in postmenopausal women receiving intranasal estrogen replacement therapy

References

• Wenger NK. Menopausal hormone therapy: currently no evidence for cardiac protection. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005;44:625–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams JK, Suparto I. Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: lessons from a monkey model of postmenopausal women. ILAR J 2004;45:139–146.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Chetrit A, Zacut D, Shimonovitz S. The effectiveness of estrogen replacement therapy to reduce ischemic heart disease – revaluation. Harefuah 2003;142:32–37,
   Google Scholar
• Sitruk-Ware RL. Hormone therapy and the cardiovascular system: the critical role of progestins. Climacteric 2003;6(Suppl 3):21–28.
   Google Scholar
• Ikenoue N, Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y. Small low-density lipoprotein particles in women with natural or surgically induced menopause. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:566–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribble DL, Holl LG, Wood PD, Krauss RM. Variations in oxidative susceptibility among six low density lipoprotein subfractions of differing density and particle size. Atherosclerosis 1992;93:189–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin MA, Breslow JL, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Willett WC, Krauss RM. Low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 1988;260:1917–1921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y, Ikenoue N, Fukaya T. Different effects of oral conjugated equine estrogen and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on size and oxidative susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein particles in postmenopausal women. Circulation 2002;106:1771–1776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratner S, Ofri D. Menopause and hormone replacement, Part 1: Evaluation and treatment. West J Med 2001;174:400–404.
   Google Scholar
• Flegg HM. An investigation of the determination of serum cholesterol by an enzymatic method. Ann Clin Biochem 1973;10:79–84.
   Google Scholar
• Sachiko I. A new, direct method for measuring HDL-cholesterol which does not produce any biased values. J Med Pharm Sci 1997;37:1385–1388.
   Google Scholar
• Fossati P, Prencipe L. Serum triglycerides determined colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide. Clin Chem 1982;28:2077–2080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinmetz J, Tarallo P, Fournier B, Caces E, Siest G. Reference limits of apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein B using an IFCC standardized immunonephelometric method. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1995;33:337–342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Scanu AM, Kennedy H, Giaculli F, Berg K, Couderc R, Dati F, Rifai N, Sakurabayashi I, Use of a reference material proposed by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine to evaluate analytical methods for the determination of plasma lipoprotein(a). Clin Chem 2000;46:1956–1967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattsson LA, Christiansen C, Colau JC, Palacios S, Kenemans P, Bergeron C, Chevallier O, Von Holst T, Gangar K. Clinical equivalence of intranasal and oral 17β-estradiol for postmenopausal symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:545–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiran H, Kiran G, Ekerbicer HC, Kilinc M. Effects of intranasal estradiol treatment on serum lipoprotein(a) and lipids in hysterectomized women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2004;57:191–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harma M, Kocyigit A, Yaltali T. Intranasal 17β-estradiol treatment and Vitamin B12, folate and homocysteine in menopause. Maturitas 2005;50:353–358.
   Google Scholar
• Baksu B, Davas I, Agar E, Akyol A, Uluocak A. Do different delivery systems of estrogen therapy influence serum lipids differently in surgically menopausal women? J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2007;33:346–352.
   Google Scholar
• Hemelaar M, Kenemans P, de Bie L, van de Weijer PH, van der Mooren MJ. Intranasal continuous combined 17 beta-estradiol/norethisterone therapy improves the lipid profile in healthy postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2006;85:979–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams MR, Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Koritnik DR, Parks JS, Wolfe MS, Clarkson TB. Inhibition of coronary artery atherosclerosis by 17-β estradiol in ovariectomized monkeys. Lack of an effect of added progesterone. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:1051–1057.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haarbo J, Leth-Espensen P, Stender S, Christiansen C. Estrogen monotherapy and combined estrogen-progestogen replacement therapy attenuate aortic accumulation of cholesterol in ovariectomized cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Clin Invest 1991;87:1274–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haarbo J, Svendsen OL, Christiansen C. Progestogens do not affect aortic accumulation of cholesterol in ovariectomized cholesterol-fed rabbits. Circ Res 1992;70:1198–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanke H, Hanke S, Bruck B, Brehme U, Gugel N, Finking G, Muck AO, Schmahl FW, Hombach V, Haasis R. Inhibition of the protective effect of estrogen by progesterone in experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1996;121:129–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanke H, Hanke S, Finking G, Muhic-Lohrer A, Muck AO, Schmahl FW, Haasis R, Hombach V. Different effects of estrogen and progesterone on experimental atherosclerosis in female versus male rabbits. Quantification of cellular proliferation by bromodeoxyuridine. Circulation 1996;94:175–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams MR, Register TC, Golden DL, Wagner JD, Williams JK. Medroxyprogesterone acetate antagonizes inhibitory effects of conjugated equine estrogens on coronary artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:217–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams MR, Williams JK, Kaplan JR. Effects of androgens on coronary artery atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related impairment of vascular responsiveness. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:562–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imthurn B, Rosselli M, Jaeger AW, Keller PJ, Dubey RK. Differential effects of hormone-replacement therapy on endogenous nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate) levels in postmenopausal women substituted with 17β-estradiol valerate and cyproterone acetate or medroxyprogesterone acetate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:388–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu X, Bonet B, Knopp RH. Estradiol 17β inhibition of LDL oxidation and endothelial cell cytotoxicity is opposed by progestins to different degrees. Atherosclerosis 2000;148:31–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahotupa M, Rauramo I, Vasankari TJ, Skouby SO, Hakonen T. Estrogen replacement therapy in combination with continuous intrauterine progestin administration reduces the amount of circulating oxidized LDL in postmenopausal women: dependence on the dose of progestin. Ann Med 2004;36:278–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subakir SB, Abdul Madjid O, Sabariah S, Affandi B. Oxidative stress, vitamin E and progestin breakthrough bleedingHum Reprod 2000;15(Suppl 3):18–23.
   Google Scholar
• McManus J, McEneny J, Young IS, Thompson W. The effect of various oestrogens and progestogens on the susceptibility of low density lipoproteins to oxidation in vitro. Maturitas 1996;25:125–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelo-Branco C, Coloma JL. The role of intranasal estradiol spray in the management of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010;26:23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black H, Bonds D, Brunner R, Brzyski R, Caan B, Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:1701–1712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar