Neuroendocrine aspects of placenta and pregnancy

References

• Petraglia F, Florio P, Nappi C, Genazzani AR. Peptide signaling in human placenta and membranes: autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms. Endocr Rev 1996;17:156–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfahrt S, Kleine B, Rossmanith WG. Detection of gonadotrophin releasing hormone and its receptor mRNA in human placental trophoblasts using in-situ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Mol Hum Reprod 1998;4:999–1006.
   Google Scholar
• Lee HJ, Snegovskikh VV, Park JS, Foyouzi N, Han KT, Hodgson EJ, Guller S, Norwitz ER. Role of GnRH-GnRH receptor signaling at the maternal-fetal interface. Fertil Steril 2010;94:2680–2687.
   Google Scholar
• Siler-Khodr TM, Khodr GS, Valenzuela G. Immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone level in maternal circulation throughout pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;150:376–379.
   Google Scholar
• Bale TL, Vale WW. CRF and CRF receptors: role in stress responsivity and other behaviors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2004;44:525–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrahams VM, Mor G. Toll-like receptors and their role in the trophoblast. Placenta 2005;26:540–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challis JRG, Matthews SG, Gibb W, Lye SJ. Endocrine and paracrine regulation of birth at term and preterm. Endocr Rev 2000;21:514–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes TM, Lewis K, Perrin MH, Kunitake KS, Vaughan J, Arias CA, Hogenesch JB, et al. Urocortin II: a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by type 2 CRF receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:2843–2848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis K, Li C, Perrin MH, Blount A, Kunitake K, Donaldson C, Vaughan J, et al. Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:7570–7575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imperatore A, Florio P, Torres PB, Torricelli M, Galleri L, Toti P, Occhini R, et al. Urocortin 2 and urocortin 3 are expressed by the human placenta, deciduas, and fetal membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195:288–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillhouse EW, Randeva H, Ladds G, Grammatopoulos D. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors. Biochem Soc Trans 2002;30:428–432.
   Google Scholar
• Klimaviciute A, Calciolari J, Bertucci E, Abelin-Tornblöm S, Stjernholm-Vladic Y, Byström B, Petraglia F, Ekman-Ordeberg G. Corticotropin-releasing hormone, its binding protein and receptors in human cervical tissue at preterm and term labor in comparison to non-pregnant state. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2006;4:29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe CD, Patel SP, Linton EA, Campbell EA, Anderson J, Dornhorst A, Lowry PJ, Jones MT. Plasma corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in abnormal pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988;95:1003–1006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glynn BP, Wolton A, Rodríguez-Liñares B, Phaneuf S, Linton EA. Urocortin in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:533–539.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li W, Challis JR. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and urocortin induce secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) without change in tissue inhibitors of MMP-1 by cultured cells from human placenta and fetal membranes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:6569–6574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell BF. Oxytocin synthesis and metabolism in human decidua. Reprod Fertil Dev 1995;7:319–321.
   Google Scholar
• Wathes DC, Borwick SC, Timmons PM, Leung ST, Thornton S. Oxytocin receptor expression in human term and preterm gestational tissues prior to and following the onset of labour. J Endocrinol 1999;161:143–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petraglia F, Calzà L, Giardino L, Sutton S, Marrama P, Rivier J, Genazzani AR, Vale W. Identification of immunoreactive neuropeptide-gamma in human placenta: localization, secretion, and binding sites. Endocrinology 1989;124:2016–2022.
   Google Scholar
• Petraglia F, Coukos G, Battaglia C, Bartolotti A, Volpe A, Nappi C, Segre A, Genazzani AR. Plasma and amniotic fluid immunoreactive neuropeptide-Y level changes during pregnancy, labor, and at parturition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;69:324–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taupenot L, Harper KL, O’Connor DT. The chromogranin-secretogranin family. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1134–1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syversen U, Waldum HL, O’Connor DT. Rapid, high-yield isolation of human chromogranin A from chromaffin granules of pheochromocytomas. Neuropeptides 1992;22:235–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agbas A, Ahmed MS, Millington W, Cemerikic B, Desiderio DM, Tseng JL, Dass C. Dynorphin A(1-8) in human placenta: amino acid sequence determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Peptides 1995;16:623–627.
   Google Scholar
• Zanardo V, Nicolussi S, Carlo G, Marzari F, Faggian D, Favaro F, Plebani M. Beta endorphin concentrations in human milk. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001;33:160–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto R, Osada H, Iitsuka Y, Masuda K, Kaku K, Seki K, Sekiya S. Profile of neurokinin B concentrations in maternal and cord blood in normal pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;58:597–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petraglia F, Sawchenko P, Lim AT, Rivier J, Vale W. Localization, secretion, and action of inhibin in human placenta. Science 1987;237:187–189.
   Google Scholar
• Petraglia F, Calzà L, Garuti GC, Abrate M, Giardino L, Genazzani AR, Vale W, Meunier H. Presence and synthesis of inhibin subunits in human decidua. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:487–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petraglia F, Anceschi MM, Calzá L, Garuti GC, Fusaro P, Giardino L, Genazzani AR, Vale W. Inhibin and activin in human fetal membranes: evidence for a local effect on prostaglandin release. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:542–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ando N, Hirahara F, Fukushima J, Kawamoto S, Okuda K, Funabashi T, Gorai I, Minaguchi H. Differential gene expression of TGF-beta isoforms and TGF-beta receptors during the first trimester of pregnancy at the human maternal-fetal interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 1998;40:48–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florio P, Cobellis L, Luisi S, Ciarmela P, Severi FM, Bocchi C, Petraglia F. Changes in inhibins and activin secretion in healthy and pathological pregnancies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001;180:123–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luisi S, Petraglia F, Benedetto C, Nappi RE, Bernardi F, Fadalti M, Reis FM, et al. Serum allopregnanolone levels in pregnant women: changes during pregnancy, at delivery, and in hypertensive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2429–2433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löfgren M, Holst J, Bäckström T. Effects in vitro of progesterone and two 5 alpha-reduced progestins, 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha-ol-20-one, on contracting human myometrium at term. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1992;71:28–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson EK, Smith R, Read M. Evidence that corticotropin-releasing hormone modulates myometrial contractility during human pregnancy. Endocrinology 2009;150:5617–5625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean M, Smith R. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and human parturition. Reproduction 2001;121:493–501.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hobel CJ, Dunkel-Schetter C, Roesch SC, Castro LC, Arora CP. Maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone associated with stress at 20 weeks’ gestation in pregnancies ending in preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:S257–S263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torricelli M, Giovannelli A, Leucci E, De Falco G, Reis FM, Imperatore A, Florio P, Petraglia F. Labor (term and preterm) is associated with changes in the placental mRNA expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor. Reprod Sci 2007;14:241–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petraglia F, Aguzzoli L, Florio P, Baumann P, Genazzani AD, Di Carlo C, Romero R. Maternal plasma and placental immunoreactive corticotrophin-releasing factor concentrations in infection-associated term and pre-term delivery. Placenta 1995;16:157–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petraglia F, Garuti GC, De Ramundo B, Angioni S, Genazzani AR, Bilezikjian LM. Mechanism of action of interleukin-1 beta in increasing corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin hormone release from cultured human placental cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:1307–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torricelli M, Novembri R, Bloise E, De Bonis M, Challis JR, Petraglia F. Changes in placental CRH, urocortins, and CRH-receptor mRNA expression associated with preterm delivery and chorioamnionitis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:534–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florio P, Linton EA, Torricelli M, Faldini E, Reis FM, Imperatore A, Calonaci G, et al. Prediction of preterm delivery based on maternal plasma urocortin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:4734–4737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petraglia F, Imperatore A, Challis JR. Neuroendocrine mechanisms in pregnancy and parturition. Endocr Rev 2010;31:783–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petraglia F, Gallinelli A, De Vita D, Lewis K, Mathews L, Vale W. Activin at parturition: changes of maternal serum levels and evidence for binding sites in placenta and fetal membranes. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:278–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Florio P, Benedetto C, Luisi S, Santuz M, Di Carlo C, Marozio L, Genazzani AR, Petraglia F. Activin A, inhibin A, inhibin B and parturition: changes of maternal and cord serum levels according to the mode of delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106:1061–1065.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farina A, Lambert-Messerlian GM, Canick JA, Banzola I, Carletti A, Concu M, Tempesta A, et al. Total activin A in maternal blood as a marker of preterm delivery in low-risk asymptomatic patients. Prenat Diagn 2006;26:277–281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts JM, Cooper DW. Pathogenesis and genetics of pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2001;357:53–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins AV, Linton EA, Eben F, Simpson J, Wolfe CD, Redman CW. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and corticotrophin-releasing hormone binding protein in normal and pre-eclamptic human pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:118–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giles WB, McLean M, Davies JJ, Smith R. Abnormal umbilical artery Doppler waveforms and cord blood corticotropin-releasing hormone. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:107–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petraglia F, Florio P, Benedetto C, Gallo C, Woods RJ, Genazzani AR, Lowry PJ. High levels of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) are inversely correlated with low levels of maternal CRF-binding protein in pregnant women with pregnancy-induced hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:852–856.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reis FM, D’Antona D, Petraglia F. Predictive value of hormone measurements in maternal and fetal complications of pregnancy. Endocr Rev 2002;23:230–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florio P, Torricelli M, De Falco G, Leucci E, Giovannelli A, Gazzolo D, Severi FM, et al. High maternal and fetal plasma urocortin levels in pregnancies complicated by hypertension. J Hypertens 2006;24:1831–1840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imperatore A, Rolfo A, Petraglia F, Challis JR, Caniggia I. Hypoxia and preeclampsia: increased expression of urocortin 2 and urocortin 3. Reprod Sci 2010;17:833–843.
   Google Scholar
• Florio P, Ciarmela P, Luisi S, Palumbo MA, Lambert-Messerlian G, Severi FM, Petraglia F. Pre-eclampsia with fetal growth restriction: placental and serum activin A and inhibin A levels. Gynecol Endocrinol 2002;16:365–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver HM, Lambert-Messerlian GM, Reis FM, Diblasio AM, Petraglia F, Canick JA. Mechanism of increased maternal serum total activin a and inhibin a in preeclampsia. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2002;9:308–312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muttukrishna S, North RA, Morris J, Schellenberg JC, Taylor RS, Asselin J, Ledger W, et al. Serum inhibin A and activin A are elevated prior to the onset of pre-eclampsia. Hum Reprod 2000;15:1640–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albaiges G, Missfelder-Lobos H, Lees C, Parra M, Nicolaides KH. One-stage screening for pregnancy complications by color Doppler assessment of the uterine arteries at 23 weeks’ gestation. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:559–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florio P, Reis FM, Pezzani I, Luisi S, Severi FM, Petraglia F. The addition of activin A and inhibin A measurement to uterine artery Doppler velocimetry to improve the early prediction of pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003;21:165–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar